Chapter 4 Leadership: A Framework for Thinking and Acting
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2 Purpose and Overview Purpose –To understand management Overview –Foundational Concepts –Leadership Perspective and Theories –Pulling It All Together –Leadership in Health Care Organizations
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Foundational Concepts Leadership –A process an individual attempts to influence to accomplish a goal
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Foundational Concepts Key Concepts –Leadership is a process –Only individuals lead –Focus of leadership is “followers” –Leadership equates to influencing –Objective is goal accomplishment –Leadership is intentional, not accidental
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Leadership Perspective and Theories Trait Perspective –Focuses on characteristics of individuals to identify successful leaders
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 Leadership Perspective and Theories Trait Perspective – Leadership Characteristics –Intelligence –Articulateness –Confidence –Initiative and persistence –Strong social skills
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7 Leadership Perspective and Theories Skills Perspective –Three core leadership skills (Katz): Technical Conceptual Human
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Leadership Perspective and Theories Skills Perspective –Three core leadership skills (Mumford): Problem solving Social judgment Knowledge
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Leadership Perspective and Theories Skills Perspective –Three core leadership skills (Mumford):
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10 Leadership Perspective and Theories Behavioral Perspective –Identifies leadership behaviors –Develops models of leadership style –Examines how different styles are related to leadership effectiveness
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Leadership Perspective and Theories Behavioral Perspective –Lewin and Lippitt compared three styles of leadership: –Autocratic –Democratic –Laissez-faire
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12 Leadership Perspective and Theories Behavioral Perspective –Ohio State University - Two dimensions of leader behavior: –Initiating structure –Consideration
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13 Leadership Perspective and Theories Behavioral Perspective –Ohio State University
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Leadership Perspective and Theories Behavioral Perspective –University of Michigan - Two leadership behaviors: –Job-centered –Employee-centered
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15 Leadership Perspective and Theories Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid © : –Two dimensions Production orientation People orientation
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Leadership Perspective and Theories Managerial Grid ©, Five Managerial Styles 1) High production/low people orientation 2) High production/high people orientation 3) Low production/high people orientation 4) Low production/low people orientation 5) Moderate production/moderate people orientation
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Situational characteristics, or contingencies, in leadership models
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Leadership Match Model (Fiedler) Managers unable to alter style to any appreciable degree Effective leadership depends on situation conducive to one's leadership style
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Path-Goal Model Expectancy theory of motivation Focus: relationship among factors that affect effort, performance, and rewards
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Path-Goal Model –Motivation depends on perceptions of –Expectancies –Instrumentalities –Valences
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Path-Goal Model –Perceptions affected by –Leadership behavior or style –Work environment –Characteristics of follower
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Path-Goal Model
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –LEAD Model (Hersey and Blanchard) Degrees of task and relationship-oriented behavior Four different leadership styles Maturity is situational and task-specific
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 Leadership Perspective and Theories Contingency Perspective –Attribution Theory Manager's selection of leadership style depends on how follower behavior is perceived and interpreted Two general types of attributions –Internal –External
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 Leadership Perspective and Theories Leadership Implications –Effectiveness and success depend on circumstances –Behaviors described along two dimensions Initiating/tasks Consideration/relationship
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 Leadership Perspective and Theories Leadership Implications –Contingencies related to success: Characteristics of the manager Characteristics of followers Characteristics of the situation
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27 Leadership Perspective and Theories Effective leadership depends on: Repertoire of styles and flexibility Diagnosing critical contingencies Selecting situational leadership styles Possessing skills and ability to execute chosen style well
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28 Leadership Perspective and Theories Leadership Implications –Whether situation is diagnosed depends on manager’s perceptions and attribution of causes to follower behavior
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29 Leadership Perspective and Theories Leadership Implications –Effective leadership involves stimulating and focusing on follower motivation
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30 Leadership Perspective and Theories Leadership Implications –Contingency-driven leadership may appear erratic and arbitrary –Can be confusing and frustrating for followers –Managers must be explicit about how they are behaving and why
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31 Transformational Perspective DimensionTransactionalTransformational GoalMaintain status quoUpset status quo ActivityPlay within rulesChange rules Locus of rewards Self (maximize personal benefits) System (optimize systemic benefits) Nature of incentives Tit for tatGreater good Manager follower interactions Mutual dependenceInterdependence Needs fulfilled Lower level (physical, economic, and safety) Higher level (social and self-actualization) PerformanceOrdinaryExtra-ordinary
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32 Pulling It All Together Focus: –External leadership –Internal leadership
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33 Pulling It All Together Objective: What a manager hopes to accomplish in exercising influence? –Transformational leadership –Transactional leadership
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34 Pulling It All Together Approach: How a manager influences followers? –Defines task and specifies how to perform it
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35 Pulling It All Together Goal Accomplishment Approach –Attention is given manager-follower or follower-follower relationships
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 36 Pulling It All Together Facilitative Approach (Employee- Centered) –Includes followers in decisions that affect them –Pays attention to fulfilling their needs
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 37 Pulling It All Together
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 38 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations Leading Clinical Professionals –High levels of autonomy –Physicians possess different mentality, cognitive frame, or paradigm
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations DimensionManagersPhysicians LoyaltyOrganizationClients ResponsibilitySharedPersonal Authority Relationships Hierarchical (vertical)Collegial (horizontal) Time frameLong/futureShort/present FeedbackDelayed and vagueImmediate and concrete Tolerance for Ambiguity HighLow
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations Implications of Leading Physicians –May interpret manager’s leadership as idiosyncratic –Manager’s leadership at odds with what is expected
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations Implications of Leading Physicians –Physicians have distinctive motivational dynamics –Their expectations differ greatly from managers
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations Implications of Leading Physicians –Managers often negatively misinterpret physicians behaviors
Copyright © 2006 by Thomson Delmat Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43 Distinctive Aspects of Leadership in Health Care Organizations Leadership and Gender –Women occupy senior executive positions in increasing numbers –Leadership gender gap –Assimilation may be counterproductive