Chapter 26 Section II, III and IV Points of Emphasis Energy Transfer, Lapse Rate, Inversions, Temperature Scales and Isotherms

26-II Energy in the Atmosphere How energy (heat) moves Conduction (contact) Convection (movement of fluid) Medium: Particles of Matter Radiation (electro-magnetic) Medium: Electric and Magnetic Fields Heat Balance and Greenhouse Effect

26-III Topic 11: Lapse Rate* Diabatic vs. Adiabatic Changes in Temperature –Diabatic - Energy is added to a parcel of air from an external source Radiation – energy added to the parcel from the Sun  USUALLY THE MOST IMPORTANT Convection – air currents rising up into a parcel Conduction – air molecules contacting the parcel –Adiabatic – Parcel expands or is compressed The total amount of energy in the parcel remains constant Expansion is a form of “work” that decreases the motion of particles Compression is a form of “work” that increases the motion of particles Lapse Rate –Change in temperature with change in altitude Dry lapse rate: 5.5  per 1000 feet Moist (saturated) lapse rate: 2 to 3  per 1000 feet Normal lapse rate (for air of typical humidity): 3.3  per 1,000 feet *

26-III Topic 11: Inversions

Inversions in atmospheric layers Permanent Inversion Tropospheric air is “capped” by (won’t rise through) the warmer air of the stratosphere

Topic 13: Hottest and Coldest Hours Mid afternoon and just after dawn

Topic 14: Hottest and Coldest Months ( Review) Energy Budget (incoming vs. Leaving) Heat Balance (equilibrium temperature) based on many factors Quick Write: what are some of the factors that affect our Heat Balance?

Topic 15: Land Heats Faster than Water Water heats and cools more slowly than land because… 1.Light Penetration (more mass) 2.Fluid (ability to convect) 3.Heat Capacity (distribute energy in molecules) 4.Phase Change evaporation – molecules absorb energy Condensation – molecules release energy

26-IV Topic 16: Temperature Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of air molecules

Topic 17: Temperature Scales Temperature Scales are always relative to something… –Freezing Water Sea (0) vs. Freezing Pure (30) – Fahrenheit Room temp is 75 °F Increments adjusted so pure water boils at 180 degrees above freezing (180 is divisible by 2,3,4,5,& 6 – like a circle) –Freezing (0) and Boiling (100) of pure water – Celsius Room temp is 25 °C Increments raise temp of 1g pure water 1 degree –All motion stops (0) – Kelvin Absolute zero – absence of all motion Room temp is 298 °K increments raise temp of 1g pure water 1 degree

Types of Thermometers Meteorological extreme thermometers (min/max) Psychrometers Soil thermometer Insolation thermometers Well scoop thermometers Tank thermometers Thermocouples Thermistors Liquid-In-Glass Thermometers Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Bimetallic Thermometers Semiconductor Temperature Sensors Labels, Crayons, Paints, Tabs (Phase Change Devices)

Topic 18: Drawing Isotherms Instruction for this activity: accessed https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/meteo101demo/Examples/Section2p03.html