1. Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. Low- temperature particles have a low average kinetic energy, High – temperature particles have a high average kinetic energy.

2. Thermometer
We use a thermometer to measure temperature. At higher temperatures the volume increases. At lower temperatures the volume decreases.

3. Temperature Scales There are 3 common scales: Celsius Fahrenheit
Kelvin
The freezing point of water in
Celsius is 0⁰C
Fahrenheit is 32⁰F
Kelvin is 273 K.
Zero on Kelvin scale is absolute zero and it is -273⁰C.

4. Converting Fahrenheit into Celsius
Formula: ⁰C = 5 9 (⁰F – 32) Ex. Convert 68 ⁰F into Celsius. ⁰C = 5 9 (68-32) ⁰C = 5 9 x 36 ⁰C = ⁰C = 20

5. Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is the total energy of all particles in an object. The more particles an object has at a given temperature, the more thermal energy it has. Ex. 1 liter pot of hot water at 75⁰C has more thermal energy than a 0.2 liter mug at 75⁰C.

6. Heat
Heat is the moving of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. Ex. If you hold ice in your hand it melts.

7. Specific Heat p.180
Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise 1 kg of a material by 1 Kelvin. Different materials require different amount of energy.

8. Heat Transfer
Heat is transferred by:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

9. Conduction
In conduction the heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another particle without the movement of matter. Ex. Touching a hot pot.

10. Convection
In convection the heat is transferred by the movement of currents within a fluid. Ex. Boiling water.

11. Radiation
In radiation the heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves. Ex. You can feel the heat from the Sun or fire.

12. Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the expanding of matter when heated.

13. Uses of Heat
Heat engines transform thermal energy into mechanical energy.
There are 2 kinds of engines:
External combustion engines
Internal combustion engines