1. Temperature Definition - The measure of how hot or cold something is. A. The average energy of moving molecules. The faster the molecules move the higher the temperature and vice versa. B. 3 scales 1. Fahrenheit a. Freezing water = 32 o b. Boiling water = 212 o 2. Celsius a. freezing water = 0 o b. boiling water = 100 o 3. Kelvin – based on absolute zero K = C + 273

2. Temperature C. Temperature Conversions 1. Celsius ---------  Fahrenheit 9/5 ( o C) + 32 2. Fahrenheit ----  Celsius 5/9 ( o F – 32) Rules for temperature conversions Write the formula for each problem Fill in the missing information Solve the problem Round to the tenths Remember unit or measurement 12 o C o F 9/5 ( o C) + 32 9/5(12) + 32 53.6 o F 50 o F o C 5/9( o F – 32) 5/9(50-32) 10 o C

3. Heating the Atmosphere I. Heat Transfer – heat is transferred in 3 different ways: conduction, convection and radiation A.Conduction– transfer through solids B.Convection– transfer through fluids (liquids and gases) C.Radiation – transfer through empty space (from direct heat source)

4. Heating the Atmosphere II. Radiant Energy – energy from the sun (any heat source) A.Solar energy reaches the surface of the earth by radiation from the sun. B.Heat is transferred through the air molecules by convection currents. C.Solar energy reaches the surface of the earth and radiates back into the atmosphere – it heats the waters by convection and the solid surfaces by conduction. C.Not all the sun’s rays make it to the earth’s surface. 1.clouds reflect about 34% of the rays back into space 2.the atmosphere absorbs about 19% of the rays 3.About 47% of the rays reach the surface of the earth

5. Heating the Atmosphere III. There are 2 important factors that influence the heating of Earth’s surface: A.Angle of insolation – the angle at which the Earth receives the sun’s rays 1. when the sun is directly over the equator, the angle of insolation is 90 o. a. the equator receives the most amount of the sun’s energy. b. As we move away from the equator, the angle of insolation decreases and we receive less of the sun’s energy. 2. The greater the angle of insolation, the more DIRECT the sunlight received by the Earth. 3. Due to the tilt of the Earth and the angle of insolation, the Earth has SEASONS.

6. Heating the Atmosphere

7. B.Heating of land and water A. Water and land heat up at different rates 1. water heats more slowly than land and cools more slowly than land. a. water heats through too many meters, while soil only heats a few centimeters b. water can spread the heat more evenly because it is fluid. c. Water is a poor conductor of heat. 2. Land heats up more unevenly than water due to different surface textures found. a. Land heats up quickly but releases its heat quickly too. b. Only the top part of the land surfaces gets heated B.The air above land and water is heated and cooled as the land and water below.