The Crisis Deepens Chapter 8 Section 2 Chapter 8 Section 2

Birth of the Republican Party  Kansas-Nebraska Act finally split the Whig Party  All Proslavery Southern Whigs voted for bill  All Antislavery Northern Whigs voted against it  Former Whigs, Free-Soilers, & antislavery Democrats join forces  Possible names?  Fusion Party, People’s Party, Anti-Nebraska Party  Settled on “Republican Party”  Kansas-Nebraska Act finally split the Whig Party  All Proslavery Southern Whigs voted for bill  All Antislavery Northern Whigs voted against it  Former Whigs, Free-Soilers, & antislavery Democrats join forces  Possible names?  Fusion Party, People’s Party, Anti-Nebraska Party  Settled on “Republican Party”

Republicans Organize  Officially formed in Michigan in 1854  Chose Jefferson’s original party name  Feared Southern planters were becoming an aristocracy that controlled the gov’t  Absorbed most Northern Know-Nothings after the party split  Nativist, Anti-Catholic views  Slavery should NOT be abolished in South…  …Just kept out of the territories  Won many Congressional seats in 1854 Elections  Officially formed in Michigan in 1854  Chose Jefferson’s original party name  Feared Southern planters were becoming an aristocracy that controlled the gov’t  Absorbed most Northern Know-Nothings after the party split  Nativist, Anti-Catholic views  Slavery should NOT be abolished in South…  …Just kept out of the territories  Won many Congressional seats in 1854 Elections

The Election of 1856  Republicans  John C. Fremont  Western Explorer w/ little political experience  In favor of making Kansas a free state  Democrats  James Buchanan  Served in Congress for 20 years  Did not take a side in the Kansas-Nebraska debate  Thought making concessions to the South would save Union  American Party  Millard Fillmore  Former President  Hoped to attract former Whigs’ votes  Republicans  John C. Fremont  Western Explorer w/ little political experience  In favor of making Kansas a free state  Democrats  James Buchanan  Served in Congress for 20 years  Did not take a side in the Kansas-Nebraska debate  Thought making concessions to the South would save Union  American Party  Millard Fillmore  Former President  Hoped to attract former Whigs’ votes

 Buchanan had solid support of the South  Needed Pennsylvania (home state) and 1 other to win  Democrats say  If Fremont (Rep) wins, the South will secede.  Buchanan Wins  Inaugural Address  Supreme Court should decide issue of slavery in the territories  Buchanan had solid support of the South  Needed Pennsylvania (home state) and 1 other to win  Democrats say  If Fremont (Rep) wins, the South will secede.  Buchanan Wins  Inaugural Address  Supreme Court should decide issue of slavery in the territories

The Dred Scott Case  Dred Scott = slave  Taken into free territory to live for 10 years then returned to Missouri  Sued slaveholder’s family for freedom  Claimed his time in free territory made him a free man  Case made it to Supreme Court  US Supreme Court, 1857  Majority = Southerners  Southern Congressmen pressured SC to rule in favor of slavery in the territories  Dred Scott = slave  Taken into free territory to live for 10 years then returned to Missouri  Sued slaveholder’s family for freedom  Claimed his time in free territory made him a free man  Case made it to Supreme Court  US Supreme Court, 1857  Majority = Southerners  Southern Congressmen pressured SC to rule in favor of slavery in the territories

The Dred Scott Decision  March 6, 1857  Chief Justice Roger B. Taney  7-2 decision against Scott  African-Americans were not citizens.  African-Americans could not sue in the courts  Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories  The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional  March 6, 1857  Chief Justice Roger B. Taney  7-2 decision against Scott  African-Americans were not citizens.  African-Americans could not sue in the courts  Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories  The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

The Dred Scott Reaction  Intensified conflict between North & South  Democrats cheered  Southerners demanded the North obey the decision  Republicans  decision was not binding  Obiter dictum  opinion not called for by circumstances of case  African-Americans  if this is the land of the free, how can the gov’t say people can’t be citizens  Many migrate to Canada  Intensified conflict between North & South  Democrats cheered  Southerners demanded the North obey the decision  Republicans  decision was not binding  Obiter dictum  opinion not called for by circumstances of case  African-Americans  if this is the land of the free, how can the gov’t say people can’t be citizens  Many migrate to Canada

Kansas’ Constitution  Buchanan wanted Kansas to apply for statehood  Proslavery Legislature wanted to hold constitutional convention  Antislavery Kansans boycotted  Proslavery legislature draws up the Lecompton constitution  Legalized slavery in territory  Buchanan wanted Kansas to apply for statehood  Proslavery Legislature wanted to hold constitutional convention  Antislavery Kansans boycotted  Proslavery legislature draws up the Lecompton constitution  Legalized slavery in territory

Lecompton Constitution Debate  Each side held referendum (popular vote)  Proslavery  (Yayayayayayayayayayay!)  Antislavery   Buchanan accepted only the proslavery vote  Senate votes to accept constitution  House of Reps.  not so fast guys  Fist fights broke out on Congress floor  Stephen Douglas  refused to support South  Lost favor w/ many Southern delegates  Kansas would not become a state until 1861  Each side held referendum (popular vote)  Proslavery  (Yayayayayayayayayayay!)  Antislavery   Buchanan accepted only the proslavery vote  Senate votes to accept constitution  House of Reps.  not so fast guys  Fist fights broke out on Congress floor  Stephen Douglas  refused to support South  Lost favor w/ many Southern delegates  Kansas would not become a state until 1861

1858 Illinois Senate Race  Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln  Stephen Douglas for Democrats  To overcome Douglas’ fame & to attract a larger audience, Lincoln challenges Douglas to a series of debates  Douglas CONFIDENTLY accepted  Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln  Stephen Douglas for Democrats  To overcome Douglas’ fame & to attract a larger audience, Lincoln challenges Douglas to a series of debates  Douglas CONFIDENTLY accepted

Abraham Lincoln  Tall  6’4  Occupation  Lawyer  Fun fact- Hid valuable papers in his stovepipe hat  Political career  one term as member of House  Arguments  Slavery is morally wrong (Eventually)  Opposed western expansion of slavery  Thought slavery would eventually die out on its own  Tall  6’4  Occupation  Lawyer  Fun fact- Hid valuable papers in his stovepipe hat  Political career  one term as member of House  Arguments  Slavery is morally wrong (Eventually)  Opposed western expansion of slavery  Thought slavery would eventually die out on its own

Stephen A. Douglas  Occupation  full-time Politician  Fun Fact- briefly dated Lincoln’s future wife, Mary Todd  Political career  Senator for 12 years  Most popular Democrat in Congress  Hoped to be elected president in 1860  Arguments  Committed to principal of popular sovereignty  Defended Compromise of 1850  Endorsed Dred Scott decision  Occupation  full-time Politician  Fun Fact- briefly dated Lincoln’s future wife, Mary Todd  Political career  Senator for 12 years  Most popular Democrat in Congress  Hoped to be elected president in 1860  Arguments  Committed to principal of popular sovereignty  Defended Compromise of 1850  Endorsed Dred Scott decision

Lincoln-Douglas Debates  The two traveled to seven Illinois towns to debate critical issues (expansion of slavery, duh)  Douglas  “Lincoln & Republicans were abolitionists in disguise!”  Freeport, Illinois  Lincoln traps Douglas w/ this question: “Could the people of a territory legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood?”  If Douglas says “Yes!”  seems to oppose Dred Scott decision…loses Southern support  If Douglas says “No!”  seems to abandon his principle of popular sovereignty  The two traveled to seven Illinois towns to debate critical issues (expansion of slavery, duh)  Douglas  “Lincoln & Republicans were abolitionists in disguise!”  Freeport, Illinois  Lincoln traps Douglas w/ this question: “Could the people of a territory legally exclude slavery before achieving statehood?”  If Douglas says “Yes!”  seems to oppose Dred Scott decision…loses Southern support  If Douglas says “No!”  seems to abandon his principle of popular sovereignty

Freeport Doctrine  Douglas tried to avoid question…  …But ends up creating the Freeport Doctrine  Accepted Dred Scott ruling (no ban on slavery in territories)  Citizens could still keep out slavery by refusing to pass laws needed to enforce it  “Slavery can’t exist w/o support of law enforcement”  Southerners were extremely angry  Douglas tried to avoid question…  …But ends up creating the Freeport Doctrine  Accepted Dred Scott ruling (no ban on slavery in territories)  Citizens could still keep out slavery by refusing to pass laws needed to enforce it  “Slavery can’t exist w/o support of law enforcement”  Southerners were extremely angry

1858 Senate Election Results  Lincoln narrowly lost election to Douglas but…  Made Republican principles clear  Established national reputation for himself  Ideal debater w/ eloquence and force  Hurt Douglas’ chances in the presidential election of 1860  All Southern support vanquished after Freeport Doctrine  Lincoln narrowly lost election to Douglas but…  Made Republican principles clear  Established national reputation for himself  Ideal debater w/ eloquence and force  Hurt Douglas’ chances in the presidential election of 1860  All Southern support vanquished after Freeport Doctrine

John Brown  1800  Born in New York  Fervent Abolitionist  Thought he was sent by heaven to liberate slaves  Believed the only way to end slavery was thru bloodshed  Fought proslavery forces in Kansas  Supposedly took part in the “hacking” of 5 proslavery men at Pottawatomie  Master Plan  lead a slave rebellion using weapons from federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA  1800  Born in New York  Fervent Abolitionist  Thought he was sent by heaven to liberate slaves  Believed the only way to end slavery was thru bloodshed  Fought proslavery forces in Kansas  Supposedly took part in the “hacking” of 5 proslavery men at Pottawatomie  Master Plan  lead a slave rebellion using weapons from federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA

John Brown’s Raid  October 16, 1859  Brown and 18 followers seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA  Intended to arm slaves from the surrounding area  No slaves ever joined the insurrection (rebellion)  US Marine force, led by Robert E. Lee, captured Brown and killed 10 of his men  Brown was found guilty of high treason and hanged on December 2, 1859  He never showed remorse for his actions  October 16, 1859  Brown and 18 followers seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA  Intended to arm slaves from the surrounding area  No slaves ever joined the insurrection (rebellion)  US Marine force, led by Robert E. Lee, captured Brown and killed 10 of his men  Brown was found guilty of high treason and hanged on December 2, 1859  He never showed remorse for his actions

Reaction to John Brown’s Actions  Northerners regarded him as a hero & martyr  Strengthened abolitionist feelings in North  Southerners believed this was proof that the North was plotting to murder slaveholders  South = TERRIFIED OF SLAVE REVOLT  Southern delegates warned that war was being brought to their doorstep  Northerners regarded him as a hero & martyr  Strengthened abolitionist feelings in North  Southerners believed this was proof that the North was plotting to murder slaveholders  South = TERRIFIED OF SLAVE REVOLT  Southern delegates warned that war was being brought to their doorstep