Chapter 01 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.1 The Diversity of Life Biology is the study of living things, the science of life Living things are diverse There are enough similarities among some living things that they can be grouped into the same kingdom Members of different kingdoms are usually very different from each other Point out the text is appropriately titled, The Living World

Figure 1.1 The six kingdoms of life

1.2 Properties of Life What qualifies something as “living” versus “non-living?” Consider these points complexity movement response to stimulation A life-defining property must be exclusive to living things Prompt students to decide what properties the living things in the kingdoms have? Are those properties exclusive to living things? What properties are?

1.2 Properties of Life 1. Cellular organization 2. Metabolism all living things are comprised of at least one cell 2. Metabolism all living things process energy which is used to power other processes 3. Homeostasis all living things maintain relatively stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes All organisms share 5 properties that are unique to life.

1.2 Properties of Life 4. Growth and reproduction 5. Heredity all organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction 5. Heredity all organisms pass genetic information to future generations from parents to offspring

1.3 The Organization of Life Living things function and interact with each other on many levels The organization of life is a hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity cellular organismal populational The following slide sequence shows the hierarchy of transitions from one level of complexity to the next—emphasize the interconnectedness.

Figure 1.4 Levels of organization: cellular level

Figure 1.4 Levels of organization: organismal level

Figure 1.4 Levels of organization: populational level

1.3 The Organization of Life At higher levels of the living hierarchy, new properties become apparent that were absent at the lower levels These emergent properties result from the interaction of diverse but simpler components Many higher order processes that are hallmarks of life are emergent properties metabolism consciousness

1.4 Biological Themes The study of life is organized around general themes 5 biological themes emerge repeatedly at any hierarchical level of biological study

1.4 Biological Themes 1. Evolution evolution is genetic change in a species over time the mechanism for evolution is natural selection the diversity of life is explained by evolutionary processes

1.4 Biological Themes 2. The Flow of Energy all living things require energy energy from the sun flows through the living world organisms acquire energy differently how much energy is available determines how many and what kinds of organisms can live together in an ecosystem

1.4 Biological Themes 3. Cooperation as energy and other resources are limiting, many organisms have evolved cooperation as a means of survival symbiosis describes when two species live in direct contact

1.4 Biological Themes 4. Structure Determines Function evolution favors structures that function in an adaptive manner many structures are specialized for a particular function the convergence of structure and function occurs at levels of the organizational hierarchy

1.4 Biological Themes 5. Homeostasis homeostasis is a physiological condition of “steady-state” the internal environment of organisms is relatively stable organisms act to control their internal environments so that the complex processes of metabolism function efficiently

1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation Biology is a dynamic science with new ideas appearing and replacing old ones Scientists systematically conduct experiments to evaluate hypotheses about observed phenomena

1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation The scientific process has six stages 1. Observation science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena 2. Hypothesis scientists make an educated guess that might be true often scientists formulate multiple ideas about a phenomenon; these are called alternative hypotheses

1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 3. Predictions if a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected 4. Testing scientists conduct experiments to attempt to verify predictions made by hypotheses

1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 5. Controls experiments usually employ a parallel design scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables conditions stay the same in the control in comparison to the variable condition 6. Conclusion a hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted Most experiments lead to future experiments!

Fig.1.5 The scientific process

1.6 Theory and Certainty The term “theory” means different things to different audiences to scientists a theory represents certainty and is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations to the general public a theory implies a lack of knowledge or guess

1.6 Theory and Certainty Scientists’ acceptance of theory is provisional the possibility always remains that future evidence will cause a theory to be revised The process of science is not just trial-and-error but involves judgment and intuition

1.6 Theory and Certainty Science has limitations it is limited to organisms and processes that can be observed and measured supernatural and religious phenomena are beyond the scope of science there are also practical limits science cannot be relied upon to solve all problems

1.7 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science 1. The Cell Theory 2. The Gene Theory 3. The Theory of Heredity 4. The Theory of Evolution

The Cell Theory all organisms are composed of at least one cell the cell is the most basic unit of life all cells come from pre-existing cells

The Gene Theory genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genes encode specific proteins or RNA or act to regulate other genes the proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determine what it will be like in terms of form and function

Figure 1.10 The gene theory

The Theory of Heredity genes are passed down generations as discrete units Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics chromosomal theory of inheritance located Mendelian genes on chromosomes

The Theory of Evolution All living organisms are related to one another in a common tree of descent the six kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains Theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

Fig. 1.12 The three domains of life

The Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin attributed evolution to natural selection organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave more offspring, thus their traits become more common in the population Scientists have been able to identify changes in individual genes that are responsible for differences among individuals

Figure 1.13 The theory of evolution

Inquiry & Analysis What is the dependent variable? What is the effect of kangaroo rats on smaller rodents? What are two or three reasons that may explain the differences in rodents when kangaroo rats were removed or present? Does the Presence of One Species Limit the Population Size of Others? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Effect of Kangaroo Rats on Smaller Rodents Kangaroo rats removed Kangaroo rats present 15 10 Number of captures of other rodents 5 1988 1989 1990 1991