1. 1-1 CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-2 All areas of science conduct experiments. The Scientific Method if used.

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-3 Principles of Science Nature of science: Nature of science: Science is guided by natural law (not religion) Science is guided by natural law (not religion) Science is testable against the observable world Science is testable against the observable world The conclusions of science are tentative The conclusions of science are tentative

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Principles of Science The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps: The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps: 1.Observation (Fish are dying from pollution) 2.Question (What pollutant is killing the fish?) 3.Hypothesis Formation (Pesticides are killing the fish) 4.Empirical Test Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment Includes at least 2 groups Test Group (Fish in different polluted habitats) Control Group (Fish in Freshwater habitat) 5.Conclusions Accept or reject your hypothesis 6.Publications 7.Create new experiment??? Concentration of pollutants???

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Principles of Science Two major theories that guide zoological research: 1.Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Fossil Record Supports Darwin Fossil Record Supports Darwin Gradualism is theory to support Darwin Gradualism is theory to support Darwin Natural Selection from adaptations Natural Selection from adaptations 2.The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 1.Genes are passed from one generation to the next. 2.Chromosomes contain the genes and they are replicated and passed to produce offspring.

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7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-7 Hawaiian Honeycreeper Variations 1-7 Similarities among limb structure in vertebrates.

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Genetics Help make the BEST Animals!!!

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-9 Zoology: Zoology: The scientific study of animal life Introduction

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-10 Fundamental Properties of Life Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life Made up of specific molecules Made up of specific molecules Hierarchical Organization Hierarchical Organization Reproduce Reproduce Genetic Code Genetic Code Require Energy Require Energy Develop Develop Interact with Environment Interact with Environment Movement Movement

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-11 General Properties of Living Systems 1. Chemical Uniqueness: Small molecules are assembled into macromolecules: Small molecules are assembled into macromolecules: 1.Nucleic Acids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids All living organisms contain these macromolecules All living organisms contain these macromolecules

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-12 General Properties of Living Systems 2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization: In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes: In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes:MacromoleculesCells Tissues Tissues Organ Systems Species/OrganismPopulation

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-13 General Properties of Living Systems 3. Reproduction: Living systems can reproduce themselves At each level living forms reproduce : At each level living forms reproduce : Genes replicated to produce new genes. Genes replicated to produce new genes. Cells divide producing new cells. Cells divide producing new cells. Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Populations may fragment to produce new populations Populations may fragment to produce new populations

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-14 Reproduction at four levels: Molecular (A)- DNA replication Cellular (B) - Mitosis, Organism (C) - King snake, Species (D) -Sea Urchin

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-15 General Properties of Living Systems 4. Possession of a Genetic Program: A genetic program provides : Nucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated units called nucleotides (A, T, C, G) Nucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated units called nucleotides (A, T, C, G) DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing genetic information - double helix DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing genetic information - double helix Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Bio Reminder- Transcription, Translation, Replication

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18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-18 General Properties of Living Systems 5. Metabolism: Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments Metabolic processes include: Metabolic processes include: Digestion Digestion Energy production (Respiration) Energy production (Respiration) Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive (anabolic) reactions Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive (anabolic) reactions

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20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-20 General Properties of Living Systems 6. Development: All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle Changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form Changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-21 Adult Monarch Butterfly emerging from its Pupal Case

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-22 General Properties of Living Systems 7. Environmental Interaction: All animals interact with their environments Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment All organisms respond to environmental stimuli All organisms respond to environmental stimuli

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-23 A lizard regulates its body temperature by choosing different locations at different times of the day.

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-24 General Properties of Living Systems 8. Movement: Movements at the cellular level are required for: Movements at the cellular level are required for: Reproduction, Growth, Responses to stimuli, etc. On a larger scale: On a larger scale: Entire populations or species may disperse from one location to another over time

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-25 Zoology As Part of Biology Animals originated in the WATER over 600 million years ago (fossil record) Animals originated in the WATER over 600 million years ago (fossil record) Characteristics of Animals: Characteristics of Animals: Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane- enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope) Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane- enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope) Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources (opposite = Autotroph) Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources (opposite = Autotroph) Cells lack cell walls Cells lack cell walls