G REECE AS A PART OF THE O TTOMAN E MPIRE

T HE O TTOMAN D OMINATION Difficulties of the enslaved Greeks: o Heavy taxes, such as: - Capitation (“charatsi”), a tax for the human life of the enslaved population - Tithe, giving one tenth of the agrarian production to the state o Mass kidnapping of children, specifically of 6-7 years old boys, in order to become dedicated Muslim soldiers (janissary) o The most fertile lands in Turkish hands o Constant danger of violent islamization  Crypto-Christians (sometimes) o Closure of Greek schools – Escape of Greek intelligentsia to the West

T HE O TTOMAN D OMINATION Enforcement factors: o Traditions & myths about the day of freedom – Folk songs with such content o Development of the trade  Peddlers – Caravan, caravan- sarays & khans o National union through religion - Significant enforcing role of the Orthodox Church - Basic Greek education through the monasteries & the priests (“Secret School”) o Preservation of the communal administration system

T HE O TTOMAN D OMINATION “Privileged” groups: o Patriarch:  Moved to the Fener quarter of Constantinople, close to the Greek population  Recognized as the religious & national leader of the Greek nation  Responsible of the loyalty of the Greek population to the Ottoman authority o Elders (“proestoi ”):  Noble leaders of a local area  Responsible for collecting the taxes & reassuring the peace in the area

T HE O TTOMAN D OMINATION o Phanariotes:  Educated Greeks been raised & living in Fener  Usually translators of the Great Gate or governors of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia & Wallachia) o Greek Diaspora: Greek immigrants living in the great European centers (e.g. Vienna, Odessa, Bucharest, etc.) o Klephts: Greek guerillas against the Ottoman authority o Armatoloi: Greek warriors responsible for the local peace, though many times helping the klephts

T HE O TTOMAN D OMINATION False attempts of revolution, usually based on the wished help of the Orthodox Russian Empire, as a traditional enemy of the Ottoman Empire AD Orlofica (the most important attempt of all) Spots of resistance in inaccessible locations, such as Souli, Mani & Sfakia

G REEK AREAS UNDER L ATIN D OMINATION Domination of Crete, Cyprus, Ionian & Aegean Islands by the Italian marine & mercantile forces (Genoa, Venice, etc.) Poetry & theatre written in the local dialect (e.g. “Erotokritos” ( I_L22LwY), etc.) I_L22LwY Hagiography ( Theophanes the Cretan & Michael Damaskinos, the teacher of El Greco)

G REEK AREAS UNDER L ATIN D OMINATION

M ODERN G REEK E NLIGHTENMENT 18 th -19 th c. AD Literal movement of the Modern Greek Enlightenment, aiming to the education of the Greek nation, in order to regain its freedom Foundation of Greek schools & teaching of the Greek language Publication of Greek books in the centers of Greek Diaspora (e.g. Vienna, Odessa, etc.) Declarations of the significance of education freedom, equality & democracy

M ODERN G REEK E NLIGHTENMENT Representatives: o Adamantios Korais (establisher of the purist language (“kathareuousa”)) o Eugenios Voulgaris o Kosmas of Aetolia o Rigas Feraios (dreamer of an independent democratic Balkan federation)