By: Jerome Allas and Nicky Li Sub-Saharan Africa By: Jerome Allas and Nicky Li

Africa – 8000 BCE – 600 CE BANTU MIGRATIONS: Bantu-language group from west central Africa, Early migration of Bantu into the south from 3000-1000 BCE, Features of the Bantu, agricultural surplus causes them to move inland from rivers, trade, iron increases rate of migration, Early countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa also migrate, causing cultural diffusion in Africa Sahara region used to be grassy steppe lands with water, climate becomes hotter and drier after 5000 BCE, Egypt and Nubia “gifts of the Nile” 5000 BCE peoples cultivate gourds and watermelons, domesticate donkeys and cattle, wheat and barley, Agriculture more easy in Egypt than Nubia, Nomadic horsemen, Hyksos, invade Egypt with advanced weapons, New Kingdom with Pharaoh 1550-1070 BCE, Egyptians driven out of Nubia in 1100 BCE

600 - 1450 Kin-based society the norm, chief ruled kingdoms, kingdom of Kongo, Islamic states in west Africa Indian Ocean trade and Islamic states in east Africa, Chiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports, Kilwa, busy city-state on east coast; exported gold, Swahili city-states, Chiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports, Zimbabwe was the powerful kingdom of east Africa  African religion - Creator god as source of world order, lesser gods and spirits, diviners mediated between humanity and supernatural beings, Arrival of Christianity and Islam, Early Christianity in North Africa, Ethiopian Christianity, African Islam Social classes - Diversity of African societies: villages, kingdoms, empires, city-states, Kinship groups: extended families and cans as social and economic organizations, Men undertook heavy labor, women responsible for child rearing and chores, Age grades, Slavery Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic states in west Africa, After 300 CE camels replaced horses and donkeys as transport animals, The kingdom of Ghana became the most important commercial site in west Africa, Sundiata built Mali empire, Mali empire and trade, Controlled and taxed almost all trade passing through east Africa, Mansa Musa, made his pilgrimage to Mecca

1450- 1750 The Songhay Empire was really powerful, good military and government. Decline was due to revolts and outside influence. Another powerful country was Congo and had foreign influence which led to war. Colonization from foreign countries started. Slave trade increased and cultural diffusion increased (Islam and Christianity). Triangular trade, economy of foreign countries increase due to slave work on plantations. Abolition of Slave trade first starts in America and spreads to the Eastern Hemisphere.

1750 - 1914 European countries start Imperialism. Multiple countries come and take over Africa. These countries include France, Britain, and many more. Africa is separated into many different regions. The countries use Africa to grow cash crops such as tobacco, rice, sugar, cotton, coffee, and indigo coloring. The African people start to uptake the traditions and customs of the country that imperialized them.

1914 – Present! African countries start to gain independence after World War II: Ghana- 1957 gained independence through strikes and boycotts, Kenya- 1963 gained through rebellion known as the Mau Mau rebellion, Algeria- 1954 FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) fights for independence, Angola- 1975 forces Portuguese to leave Currently Africa’s economy is really low and the living standards are not as good as other countries. Africa gains support from many countries that has fundraisers to help support education and food for the people in poverty in Africa. Apartheid- legal system used by whites to enforce segregation.

Change and Continuities Political: European imperialism causes a change in the African political system Economic: cash crops that were implemented stayed until their independence was gained, changed to more food-based products Religious: the ancient beliefs and tradition of the African people was continued on throughout the European and American religious influences Social: from city-states to kin-based societies to tribal organizations