1. Chiefdoms are societies headed by individuals with unusual ritual, political, or entrepreneurial skills. The society is kin-based but more along hierarchical lines than a tribe. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or princess. A Kingdom is a sovereign state instituting a monarchy, or having a monarch as its head. Urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with other city-states. Sovereign state, a sovereign political entity in international public law Empire is a state that extends dominion over populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power. chiefdom principality kingdom City state state empire

3. C 18: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa (600-1450 CE) What do you already know about Sub-Saharan Africa?

4. Bantu Migrations 2000 BCE -1000 CE 400 BCE = 3.5 million 1000 CE = 22 million 400 BCE Characterized by kingdoms, empires, city-states with well defined Social classes (ruling elites, merchant class, peasant class) AND Traditional kin based groups (ie: “stateless societies”) 500 BCE

5. Early Political and Social organization? (Pre 1000 CE)  “Stateless” societies  Governed through family and kin ties  Patriarchal/ councils = male heads of family  Gender determined work role  Chief, Villages formed districts  Small scale cultivation (bananas, Millet, yams, sorghum)  Population increased = population pressure on natural resources/ increased conflict  some villages developed military forces  kingdoms formed with centralized power led by strong leaders who overrode the kin systems  kin networks did not disappear  Chiefdoms of Ife, Benin (West Africa coast) strong until mid 17 th C Problems? By 11th C = 800 distinct languages

6. Social organization: Age grades? Griots? Gender roles? Land ownership? Religion?

7. Benin = “lost wax” process of sculpture What does the existence of these bronze plaques indicate about Benin culture c. 1000 CE? In societies dominated by oral tradition, art replaces written language

8. 600-1450 CE

9. Contextualization= the historical circumstances surrounding a particular event

10. Kingdoms and Empires of Sub-Saharan Africa 800 – 1500 CE Ghana = Center of 4-5 th C African Gold Trade (converted to Islam by 10 th C) Offered protection for merchants (from Arabia By 7 th C) 70-90 days to cross the Sahara Impact of Islam on trade? Nature of Islam in West Africa? Islam as merchant “social glue”?

12. Empire of Mali Sundiata (r. 1230-1255 CE) Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337 CE) Mansa Musa’s Hajj 1324-1325 entourage of 60,000 500 men each carrying a 6 lb gold staff 80 camels each carrying 300 lbs of gold dust 500 slaves distributed along the way as gifts gifts of gold led to devaluing of gold on global market by 25% market didn’t recover for 25 yrs brought back Arab scholars, artists and architects = built libraries, mosques, schools 1375 Catalan Map

13. Cowry shells as standardized currency Kingdom of Kongo: 1000CE (Congo River) Slaves = war captives, Debtors, suspected witches, Criminals, SLAVES status symbols (NOT land), Used as agricultural labor to increase productivity of their land = wealth (Chattal slavery??) Internal slave trade = 10,000-20,000 slaves/ year (With increased demand) = 10 million slaves to Islamic world (750-1500 CE) (Zanj Revolt 869 CE in Mesopotamia 15,000 slaves revolt/ controlled Basra) Centralized authority royal currency system

14. Mosque at Djenne, Mali What were the positive and negative effects of Mansa Musa’s Mali Empire on politics, economy, religion?

16. Songhay Empire Sunni Ali (1464-1492)

17. African City States: East Coast Great Zimbabwe: 12 th C, 18,000 people Swahili “coasters” engage in trade with Arabs Swahili = language (Arab influence) 10 th C Arab trade increased to East Africa Swahili city states = great wealth 11-12 th C stone architecture/ Chinese porcelain Kilwa exported over a ton of gold/yr By 15 th C Axum: Christian Kingdom (4 th C ) Merchants, kings converted Christian influence very strong by 12 th C

18. Lalibela, Ethiopia 12-13 th centuries 13 churches Christianity arrives by 1 st century CE Ethiopian Christianity Different: HOW and WHY?