1. Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 25

2. African Slave Trade  Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries  Well established slave trade with Indian Ocean  Atlantic slave trade, much larger numbers in a condensed period of time  Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries  Well established slave trade with Indian Ocean  Atlantic slave trade, much larger numbers in a condensed period of time

3. Early Modern Africa  Regional kingdoms and imperial states  Ghana  Controlled/taxed gold-salt trade  Influenced by Muslim traders, but not a Muslim state  Mali  Founded by Sundiata  Mansa Musa -  rulers become Muslim  City of Timbuktu  Regional kingdoms and imperial states  Ghana  Controlled/taxed gold-salt trade  Influenced by Muslim traders, but not a Muslim state  Mali  Founded by Sundiata  Mansa Musa -  rulers become Muslim  City of Timbuktu

4.  Songhay/Songhai  Undermined Mali  Largest w. African empire  Converted to Islam  Conquered by musket wielding Moroccans  Internal rebellion  Songhay/Songhai  Undermined Mali  Largest w. African empire  Converted to Islam  Conquered by musket wielding Moroccans  Internal rebellion

5. Central & South Africa  Kongo (Zaire River) 1300’s  Interacted with Portuguese  Adopted Christianity  Unhappy about Portuguese slave trade, unable to effectively stop it  1700’s - demise of Kongo  Kongo (Zaire River) 1300’s  Interacted with Portuguese  Adopted Christianity  Unhappy about Portuguese slave trade, unable to effectively stop it  1700’s - demise of Kongo

6. Ndongo (Angola)  Built up on wealth from trade w/Portuguese  Queen Nzinga  Military queen  Made alliance w/Dutch against Portuguese  Keep Portuguese at bay until after her death  Built up on wealth from trade w/Portuguese  Queen Nzinga  Military queen  Made alliance w/Dutch against Portuguese  Keep Portuguese at bay until after her death

7. Islam & Christianity  Indigenous religions tended to be animistic  Islam adopted via trade rather than conquest, less strict form in South Africa  Indigenous religions tended to be animistic  Islam adopted via trade rather than conquest, less strict form in South Africa

8. Atlantic Slave Trade  Too few Portuguese in Portugal to provide colonial settlers  No indigenous populations in several colonies  Sugar plantations needed large labor forces  By 1500’s - well established slave trade  Too few Portuguese in Portugal to provide colonial settlers  No indigenous populations in several colonies  Sugar plantations needed large labor forces  By 1500’s - well established slave trade

9. Middle Passage  Transport of slaves across Atlantic  Horrible inhuman conditions  Mortality rates could average 50%  Overtime, death rate averaged 25%  Estimates 12 million + slaves arrived in New World  Transport of slaves across Atlantic  Horrible inhuman conditions  Mortality rates could average 50%  Overtime, death rate averaged 25%  Estimates 12 million + slaves arrived in New World

10. Social Effects  “brain drain”  Decline of some cultures  Advancements of others  Changed gender roles  Encouraged polygamy  Increased warfare in Africa  “brain drain”  Decline of some cultures  Advancements of others  Changed gender roles  Encouraged polygamy  Increased warfare in Africa

11. Plantation Society  Clear social strata based on color and jobs  Caribbean & Central/South America slavery more dependent on importation  5% went to North America  Larger # of female slaves  Encouraged family units and breeding  Clear social strata based on color and jobs  Caribbean & Central/South America slavery more dependent on importation  5% went to North America  Larger # of female slaves  Encouraged family units and breeding

12. Slave Resistance  Runaways (maroons)  Revolts  Slaves outnumbered colonists  Colonists had superior technology  Haiti (late 1700’s) only successful slave revolts  Runaways (maroons)  Revolts  Slaves outnumbered colonists  Colonists had superior technology  Haiti (late 1700’s) only successful slave revolts

13. African American Culture  Creole culture  New religions - ie Vodou  Preserved and created musical forms  Creole culture  New religions - ie Vodou  Preserved and created musical forms

14. End of the Slave Trade  Abolition mov’ts dev. early on  Slave labor became less economical  Decreasing commodity prices  Increased interest in Africa proper  Early 1800’s - most countries banned slave trade  Slavery legally existed until 1960’s  Today - all countries officially ban slavery  Abolition mov’ts dev. early on  Slave labor became less economical  Decreasing commodity prices  Increased interest in Africa proper  Early 1800’s - most countries banned slave trade  Slavery legally existed until 1960’s  Today - all countries officially ban slavery