THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT WOMEN’S RIGHTS, NAACP TO THE 1960’S

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS The women’s rights movement in the 1800’s laid the foundation for minority rights. The Civil War Amendments (pushed for by Frederick Douglas) passed by Abe Lincoln were the cornerstones. Booker T. Washington was an early advocate for civil rights. Harry Truman desegregated the military in World War II. Ike was president when Brown v. Board was passed in 1954.

HARRY TRUMAN   President Truman advanced the cause of civil rights when he ordered the desegregation of — A all branches of the armed forces. B factories which produced military supplies. C all public high schools. D state-funded colleges and universities.

THE EARLY MOVEMENT Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896 Supreme Court case that established “separate but equal”; it legalized segregation Jim Crow Laws- discrimination laws in the South; ex. African-Americans had curfews, couldn’t testify against a white person in court, had to ride on the back of the bus… Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.- preacher in Montgomery, AL who became the leader of the Mont. Bus Boycott; He led SCLC and believed in non-violence; influenced by Gandhi

Supreme court cases impact Brown vs. Board of Education-1954 Supreme Court case that outlawed segregation in schools; Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP attorney who represented Linda Brown Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott- 1955; considered the beginning of the civil rights movement; She refused to give up her seat so a white man could be seated; she was arrested and a city-wide boycott began; the Supreme Ct. stepped in and integrated Mont. buses

BROWN V.BOARD   Excerpt from Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954): “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.’’ Which statement BEST describes the meaning of this section of the Supreme Court ruling? A Local schools should solve their own problems. B The act of legally segregating the races in schools is unconstitutional. C Schools should be funded in a way that provides equal amounts of money. D In order to provide equality in schools, the federal government must control local schools.

Brown v. Board of Education(1954)

Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Little Rock Nine Little Rock Nine- 9 Af-Am teenagers integrated Little Rock’s Central High despite brutal protests Greensboro and Nashville sit-ins- SNCC and other groups fought to integrate downtown lunch counters by staging sit-ins; they sat quietly and were refused service… they continued to sit peacefully and were beaten/arrested

Little Rock

Little Rock Nine

Blocked by Arkansas National Guard

ARKANSAS AND CIVIL RIGHTS When the governor of Arkansas called up the National Guard to prevent African American children from entering all-white public schools in 1957, President Eisenhower directed the United States Army to intervene. In this case, the president was attempting to enforce — A a state law. B a federal court order. C a congressional resolution. D an international mandate.

THE RACIST SOUTH Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee- SNCC; college age students who organized non-violent protests Freedom Riders- civil rights workers who hoped to integrate bus terminals; they rode buses from city to city in the South and often faced fierce crowds when they arrived at their destinations Bull Conner and Birmingham- Racist police commissioner of Birmingham, AL who ordered the police/firefighters to use dogs and fire hoses on children during a protest; it was videoed and shown world wide on news stations; B’ham was known as “Bombingham” due to the # of bombs used and violent acts that occurred

BROWN V. BOARD   Excerpt from Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954): “We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.’’ Which statement BEST describes the meaning of this section of the Supreme Court ruling? A Local schools should solve their own problems. B The act of legally segregating the races in schools is unconstitutional. C Schools should be funded in a way that provides equal amounts of money. D In order to provide equality in schools, the federal government must control local schools.

LEADERS EMERGE March on Washington- 1963; largest march in DC at that time with 250,000 marchers; purpose was to draw attention to the Civil Rights Act that was before Congress; MLK gave his “I Have A Dream” speech Civil Rights Act of 1964- signed by Lyndon Johnson that outlawed discrimination in public facilities; ex. no more separate restrooms, water fountains, restaurants, etc. Medgar Evers- state leader of the NAACP in MS; murdered in his driveway by Byron De La Beckwith in 1963; Had organized successful boycotts in Jackson, MS

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT   The purpose of the March on Washington in August 1963 was to show support for — A school segregation. B civil rights legislation. C military involvement in Vietnam. D ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.

THE EARLY UPHEAVAL   The Supreme Court supported Jim Crow laws through decisions like the one in the 1896 case of — A Miranda v. Arizona. B Schenck v. United States. C Plessy v. Ferguson. D Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

Planning the March on Washington

LEADERS EMERGE James Meredith- first African-American to enroll at the University of MS (Ole Miss); violent protests occurred Ms Freedom Democratic Party- new political party formed that allowed all races to represent the state at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City in 1964; the National Cmte refused to recognize the MFDP and offered them two seats at large at the convention; the MFDP refused them and left Fannie Lou Hamer- MFDP delegate who was very critical of the Democratic party for not recognizing the MFDP and her speech was nationally televised

The movement continues Ms Summer Project or Freedom Summer- organized by the NAACP to recruit volunteers from across the country to come to MS in the summer of 1964 and help register African-Americans to vote; local police arrested 3 volunteers and their bodies were recovered months later in an earthen dam; inspired the movie “MS Burning” Selma March- 1965; purpose was to draw attention to the lack of voting rights for African Americans; the first march ended as state troopers on horseback stopped protestors on the outskirts of Selma; troopers used tear gas on the peaceful protestors; the second march was successful b/c the president ordered the state troopers to protect the marchers

KING IS KILLED Voting Rights Act of 1965- signed by Lyndon Johnson and allowed the federal govt. to supervise voting in the south; eliminated all barriers to voting (poll tax, literacy tests, etc.) Malcolm X- civil rights leader who was impatient with the slow progress that had been made and believed that AF-Am should fight “eye for an eye” for their rights; did not want to integrate into the white man’s society MLK Assassination- shot on the balcony of a hotel in Memphis, TN in 1968; was in Memphis to help a group of garbage workers who were on strike

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT   Which one of the following events is generally recognized as the start of the Civil Rights Movement? A African American college students staged a sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. B A multiracial march was organized for Washington, D.C., to demonstrate for human rights. C Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. D Fannie Lou Hamer organized the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party so that African Americans would be represented at the Democratic National Convention of 1964.

Who are the important people that promoted civil rights? Plessy v. Ferguson- 1896 Supreme Court case that established “separate but equal”; it legalized segregation Jim Crow Laws- discrimination laws in the South; ex. African Americans had curfews, couldn’t testify against a white person in court, had to ride on the back of the bus… Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.- preacher in Montgomery, AL who became the leader of the Mont. Bus Boycott; He led SCLC and believed in non-violence; influenced by Gandhi

Important people, places and events during the Civil Rights Movement Brown vs. Board of Education-1954 Supreme Court case that outlawed segregation in schools; Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP attorney who represented Linda Brown Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott- 1955; considered the beginning of the civil rights movement; She refused to give up her seat so a white man could be seated; she was arrested and a city-wide boycott began; the Supreme Ct. stepped in and integrated Mont. buses Little Rock Nine- 9 African-American teenagers integrated Little Rock’s Central High despite brutal protests

Places and events Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee- SNCC; college age students who organized non-violent protests Freedom Riders- civil rights workers who hoped to integrate bus terminals; they rode buses from city to city in the South and often faced fierce crowds when they arrived at their destinations Bull Conner and Birmingham- Racist police commissioner of B’ham, AL who ordered the police/firefighters to use dogs and fire hoses on children during a protest; it was videoed and shown world wide on news stations; B’ham was known as “Bombingham” due to the # of bombs used and violent acts that occurred

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT In 1964, volunteers went to Mississippi to work for civil rights in a movement known as Freedom Summer. What was the MAIN goal of these volunteers? A They wanted to integrate local high schools. B They wanted to register African Americans to vote. C They wanted to organize a march on Washington, D.C. D They wanted to protest the integration of public facilities.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Freedom Riders in Montgomery

Places and events March on Washington- 1963; largest march in DC at that time with 250,000 marchers; purpose was to draw attention to the Civil Rights Act that was before Congress; MLK gave his “I Have A Dream” speech Civil Rights Act of 1964- signed by Lyndon Johnson that outlawed discrimination in public facilities; ex. no more separate restrooms, water fountains, restaurants, etc. Medgar Evers- state leader of the NAACP in MS; murdered in his driveway by Byron De La Beckwith in 1963; Had organized successful boycotts in Jackson, MS James Meredith- first Af-Am to enroll at the Univ of MS (Ole Miss); violent protests occurred

The ground breakers James Meredith- first African-American to enroll at the University of MS (Ole Miss); violent protests occurred Ms Freedom Democratic Party- new political party formed that allowed all races to represent the state at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City in 1964; the National Committee refused to recognize the MFDP and offered them two seats at large at the convention; the MFDP refused them and left Fannie Lou Hamer- MFDP delegate who was very critical of the Democratic party for not recognizing the MFDP and her speech was nationally televised

James Meredith at Ole Miss

The contributors….. Ms Summer Project or Freedom Summer- organized by the NAACP to recruit volunteers from across the country to come to MS in the summer of 1964 and help register African-Americans to vote; local police arrested 3 volunteers and their bodies were recovered months later in an earthen dam; inspired the movie “MS Burning” Selma March- 1965; purpose was to draw attention to the lack of voting rights for African-Americans; the first march ended as state troopers on horseback stopped protestors on the outskirts of Selma; troopers used tear gas on the peaceful protestors; the second march was successful b/c the president ordered the state troopers to protect the marchers

The contributors Voting Rights Act of 1965- signed by Lyndon Johnson and allowed the federal govt. to supervise voting in the south; eliminated all barriers to voting (poll tax, literacy tests, etc.) Malcolm X- civil rights leader who was impatient with the slow progress that had been made and believed that AF-Am should fight “eye for an eye” for their rights; did not want to integrate into the white man’s society MLK Assassination- shot on the balcony of a hotel in Memphis, TN in 1968; was in Memphis to help a group of garbage workers who were on strike

Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)

Massive Resistance

Emmett Till Lynching, 1955

Greensboro, N.C. February 1, 1960

Nashville Sit-Ins

A Long Wait?

Non-Violent Resistance

Anniston AL lights the way!

Alabama, 1963

Welcome to Birmingham

Gov. George Wallace

June 12,1963: Medgar Evers

Byron De La Beckwith 1963, 1994 & 1997

Birmingham, 1963

“Putting on the Pressure”

Thomas Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry Guilty, 2001

John Lewis 1963 and 2003

Malcolm Little, Malcolm X , Malik El Shabazz

M&M

Malcolm X and Louis X

Elijah Muhammad