Chloride & Sodium Concentrations

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Presentation transcript:

Chloride & Sodium Concentrations

A Bit Smaller… Conesus 14 km2 Hemlock 7 km2 Canadice 3 km2 Honeoye Canandaigua 42 km2 Keuka 47 km2 Seneca 175 km2 Cayuga 172 km2 Owasco 27 km2 Skaneateles 36 km2 Otisco 8 km2 Superior 82,414 km2 Michigan 22,400 km2 Huron 23,010 km2 Erie 9,930 km2 Ontario 7,520 km2

Seneca Lake Watershed: Land Use, Subwatersheds & Bedrock Geology

Seneca Lake Salinity Saltiest Finger Lakes EPA Advisory Average data from past 20+ years Halfman, 2014

Source? : Chloride & Sodium (1:1 M) Streams? Not Enough to Lake Streams Reflect: Road De-Icing Salts Halfman, 2014

Sources & Sinks: Chloride Ions: Mass Balance Argument Rain ~0 mg/L Dilutes Ions in Lake Evaporation ~0 mg/L Concentrates Ions in Lake Seneca Lake 130 mg/L (~2.2 million mtons) Streams 55 mg/L 34,000 mt/yr Road Salt Outlet 130 mg/L 97,000 mt/yr Wing et al., 1995 Halfman et al., 2006 Mine Waste 9,000 mt/yr Sediment Diffusion ~5,000 mt/yr Inputs << Outputs Not Balanced, Still Need an additional ~50,000 mt/yr (11,000 Railroad cars) to attain lake’s concentration

Finger Lake Bedrock

Basin Depths

Source Chloride & Sodium Ions Bedrock X-Section Lake ~5 mMol Rock Salt South North Sediment Pore Waters Rob Stewart, (H’03) Environmental Consulting

Is Seneca Lake too Salty to Drink?

Historical Chloride Concentrations Source Not Constant Over Time Other Finger Lakes: Road De-Icing Salts Seneca & Cayuga Different Jolly, 2005 & 2006 HWS Students Halfman, 2014

Past Decade Early Spring Water Column Profiles Declining Salinity

Historical Chloride Concentrations Source Not Constant Over Time Other Finger Lakes: Road De-Icing Salts Seneca & Cayuga Different Jolly, 2005 & 2006 HWS Students Halfman, 2014

Modeling Seneca Lake Chloride Potential Sources Increase in early 1900s Salt Mining Starts 1880s Increased Mining to 1960s Huge Increase 1965 Himrod Mine “Issues”? Gas Storage by TEMPCO? Short Lived Decline/Natural Flushing Since 1970 ANY Groundwater Inputs? Gas was stored! Halfman, 2014

Modeling Seneca Lake Chloride Potential Sources Increase in early 1900s Salt Mining Starts 1880s Increased Mining to 1960s Huge Increase 1965 Himrod Mine “Issues”? Gas Storage by TEMPCO? Short Lived Decline/Natural Flushing Since 1970 ANY Groundwater Inputs? Gas was stored! Halfman, 2014