AIRCRAFT HANDLING Part 3 Refuelling

Refuelling Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight, before it is parked or put away in a hangar, to prevent condensation in the empty tank. This also reduces the setup time for future sorties.

Refuelling Aircraft may be refuelled in many ways: Jerry cans Bowsers High pressure from ground tanks Hand or mechanical pump from ground or portable tanks Air-Air Refuelling (AAR)

Refuelling Fire is a real risk during any refuelling. Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor) prevents sparks from static electricity during refuelling. Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.

Refuelling Pressure Refuelling dramatically reduces refuelling time. (where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure) dramatically reduces refuelling time. Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches the required level.

Refuelling AVGAS AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT

Refuelling AVGAS & AVCAT Aviation Fuel are both types of Gasoline. Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline.

Refuelling AVTUR & AVTAG Aviation Fuel Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG. Remember the middle ‘T’ stands for Turbine.

Refuelling AVTUR Aviation Fuel is made from Kerosene. Remember there’s a R in AVTUR, and an R in KeRosene

Loading Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly distributed to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is within the limits. Large aircraft have an Air Load Master / Air Quartermaster, who supervising the loading process

Loading Overloading has the following effects: Increases take off & landing distances. Increases the stalling speed Reduces rate of climb. Reduces range Reduces endurance. Reduces the aircraft’s ceiling height In a twin or multi-engined aircraft it may make it impossible to maintain flight in the event of an engine failure.

Loading It is of little use ensuring that the maximum all up weight is not exceeded if the aircraft is not properly balanced owing to the uneven distribution of the load. The load must be distributed so that the C of G falls within the limits for the aircraft. The aircraft is then correctly balanced fore and aft and may be flown safely.

Check Understanding One of the reasons we refuel aircraft after every flight is to prevent what? Build-up of static electricity Condensation in the refuelling hose Condensation in the fuel bowser Condensation in the fuel tank

Check Understanding Pressure Refuelling Open-line refuelling What type of aircraft refuelling can dramatically reduce refuelling time? Pressure Refuelling Open-line refuelling Mobile Bowser Refuelling Team Refuelling

Check Understanding Over-pressurisation Condensation During refuelling, aircraft bonding is achieved to eliminate the fire risk caused by what? Over-pressurisation Condensation Static electricity Fuel leaks

Which aviation turbine fuel Check Understanding Which aviation turbine fuel is made from kerosene? AVTAG AVTUR AVGAS AVCAT

Check Understanding AVGAS or AVTUR AVTUR or AVTAG AVTAG or AVGAS The majority of gas turbine engines run on one of which two fuels? AVGAS or AVTUR AVTUR or AVTAG AVTAG or AVGAS AVCAT or AVTUR

Check Understanding AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of what? Turbine Fuel Kerosene Diesel Gasoline

Check Understanding Poor planning Excess fuel Overloading Wind speeds Increased stalling speed, landing and take-off run, and reduced climb performance, can all be the results of what? Poor planning Excess fuel Overloading Wind speeds

Check Understanding The aircraft load must be correctly distributed to ensure that: The centre of gravity is within limits. Freight can be offloaded in the correct order. No damage is done to the load in flight. Access to aircraft doors is not impaired.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING End of Presentation