1. Zuliana-July-20101 Lecture 1: INTRODUCTION AIRCRAFT MASS (WEIGHT) & PERFORMANCE By: Zuliana Ismail, 2010

2. Introduction Even though the airlines are in business to transport people from one place to another, they could not function without the help of many people on the air or on the ground, including those who take reservations and sell tickets, as well as those who help keep the airplanes operating on schedule and ensure the safety of flight. Those who are involved in the operations of flight known as AIRCREW. 2Zuliana-July-2010

3. Who Is Aircrew? 1.COCKPIT CREWS: PILOT/CAPTAIN CO-PILOT/FLIGHT OFFICERS FLIGHT ENGINEERS 2.CABIN CREWS/ FLIGHT ATTENDANTS 3.AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS 4.GROUND CREW: FLIGHT OPERATORS/DISPATCHER MAINTENANCE CREWS 3

4. Flight Dispatcher A flight dispatcher is a person responsible for planning and monitoring the progress of an aircraft journey.planning and monitoring aircraft journey Just like a pilot, a flight dispatcher are responsible for the safety of a flight. A dispatcher have the authority to delay, or cancel a flight at any time, and a flight can’t be released without the signature of both the pilot in command and the dispatcher 4Zuliana-July-2010

5. Preflight & Take- off Climb Cruise / En-route Descend Approach And Landing aircraft journey or Phases of Flight 5

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7. Responsible of Aircraft Flight Dispatcher Besides contribute to the safety of flight operations, Flight Dispatcher also contribute to the economy and efficiency of aircraft operation by improving the payload & reducing excessive fuel reserve. Flight dispatchers have to demonstrate extensive aviation knowledge equal to that of airline transport pilot license (ATPL) holders. 7Zuliana-July-2010

8. Knowledge of Flight Dispatcher 1.Aviation Law 2.Aviation Introduction/History 3.AIRCRAFT MASS (WEIGHT) AND PERFORMANCE 4.Navigation 5.Air Traffic Management 6.Meteorology 7.Mass and Balance 8.Flight Planning & Monitoring 9.Communications (Radio) 10.Aviation Human Factors 8 Zuliana-July-2010

9. Responsible of Aircraft Flight Dispatcher Flight Dispatcher responsible for the safe loading of airplane and must ensure that it is not overloaded. The performance of an airplane is influenced by its weight and overloading it will cause serious problems. 9Zuliana-July-2010

10. Weight & Performance & Balance Too much weight in the front of the airplane will cause it to pitch downward Too much weight in rear of aircraft will cause aircraft to pitch upward 10

11. AIRCRAFT MASS & PERFORMANCE 11Zuliana-July-2010

12. 12 What is AIRCRAFT

13. What is WEIGHT??? An aircraft, like all bodies, has mass. When the aircraft is at rest on the ground there is only one force acting on it, which is called WEIGHT, and it always acts in a vertical direction towards the centre of the Earth. 13 Before an aircraft can leave the ground and fly the weight force must be balanced by a force which acts upwards. This force is called LIFT and it is generated aerodynamically by the flow of air over the wings. In order to generate the lift force the aircraft must move forward through the air. This is provided by the engine(s) that create a force called THRUST. From the very moment the aircraft begins to move, air resists its forward motion with a force called DRAG.

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15. What is Performance? Aircraft performance is the capability of aircraft at various phases of flight. Some of the factors which represent good performance are short takeoff and landing distance, increased climb capability, and greater speeds using less fuel. Aircraft’s weight can give a significant effect on aircraft performance. 15Zuliana-July-2010

16. Aircraft Performance Data for A320 Cruise Speed (knots): 454 Range in Nautical Miles: 2640 Service Ceiling (feet): 31000 Fuel Max (Gallons): 3380 Rate of Climb (feet per minute): Not Available Take over 50 foot obstacle (feet): Not Available Landing over 50 foot obstacle (feet): Not Available Take Off Normal (feet): 5630 Landing Normal (feet): 4750 Zuliana-July-201016

17. Course Outlines Zuliana-July-201017

18. 1.INTRODUCTION Weight Definition Performance definition 2.RELATED ASPECTS WITH AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE Basic Principles for Flight Safety Effect of excessive weight to aircraft safety Density Altitude 3.BASIC MASS (WEIGHT) AND SPEED LIMITATIONS Composition of aircraft weight Performance Speeds 18 Course Outlines

19. 4.TAKE-OFF RUNWAY REQUIREMENTS Factors affecting take-off performance Max. Take-off Weight (MTOW) Take-off Distance 5.CLIMB & CRUISE PERFORMANCE Factors affecting climb and cruise performance Climb Gradient Range & Endurance 19

20. Course Outlines 6.FACTORS AFFECTING DESCEND, APPROACH & LANDING PERFORMANCE Max. Landing Weight (MLW) Calculations Landing Distance 7.BOUNDARY SPEED LIMITATIONS(BUFFET) 20

21. Zuliana-July-201021

22. Performance Charts Pressure Altitude Chart Density Altitude Chart Take-Off Distance Chart Fuel Time Distance Climb Chart Cruise Performance Graph Crosswind and Headwind Component Chart Landing Distance Table Normal Take-Off Runway Required Table 22Zuliana-July-2010