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Lesson 28 The U.S. Navy Since 2001

Enabling Objectives DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001.DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom.EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom. RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).

Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the Navy Interservice Relations Technology Leadership Strategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval Doctrine

: Defense spending declines by $100 billion each year : Defense spending declines by $100 billion each year : Decline to 400 ships : Decline to 400 ships. 1994: Forward…From the Sea1994: Forward…From the Sea –Forward presence and power projection from sea to land. Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy “The Navy and Marine Corps Team responded to national tasking, on average, at least once every three weeks during Navy forces were called upon to demonstrate their multipurpose capabilities in myriad assignment, ranging from combat operations to humanitarian assistance commitments.” - SECDEF William Cohen

Blue Water to Brown Water Ops “We are moving out in the green and brown water areas and…many operations are focused in the shallows…We cannot sit out in the deep blue, waiting for the enemy to come to us. He will not. We must go to him. I want the ability to go close in and stay there. I believe our Navy is missing a great opportunity to influence events by not having a riverine force. We’re going to have one!” - Admiral Mike Mullen - Admiral Mike Mullen

“We are seeking to incite the Islamic Nation to rise up to liberate its land and to conduct Jihad for the sake of God.” - Osama bin Laden - Osama bin Laden Oct 2000 – USS COLE attacked resulting in the death of 17 Sailors and 39 injured. Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy

Emphasis during 2000 presidential campaign was to modernize the U.S. military.Emphasis during 2000 presidential campaign was to modernize the U.S. military. President Bush’s plan included:President Bush’s plan included: –Missile Defense System –Engagement of Hostile states –Dialogue with China –Willingness to not use nuclear weapons President Bush, 2000

September 11, hijackers murdered 3,49719 hijackers murdered 3,497 -2,735 civilians in the WTC -87 aboard AA Flight aboard United Flight NYC firefighters and rescuers -23 NYC police officers -84 Port Authority workers -36 aboard United Flight aboard AA Flight people in the Pentagon

“The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” - Joint Pub , Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Anti Terrorism Terrorism

“Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” - U.S. Dept of State Terrorism

Post 9/11 Challenges The Bush Administration had to bring firepower to an area with no immediate military base support.The Bush Administration had to bring firepower to an area with no immediate military base support. Sea-based carrier warfare.Sea-based carrier warfare. Network-centric concepts – use a limited, precision force.Network-centric concepts – use a limited, precision force. Coalition forces.Coalition forces.

America’s First Responders CNO Admiral Vern Clark, CNO Admiral Vern Clark, –Quote from page 289, In Peace and War –Carrier Strike Groups. –Expeditionary Strike Groups.

Operation Enduring Freedom October 7, 2001-Present Day Mission: Defeat the Taliban government and Al Qaeda terrorists.Mission: Defeat the Taliban government and Al Qaeda terrorists. Navy CSG’s: Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon Warfare.Navy CSG’s: Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon Warfare. –Also served as a Special Operations Platform. Navy ESG’s: Conducted strike and ground combat operations.Navy ESG’s: Conducted strike and ground combat operations. –Marines advance 450 miles inland to seize Afghan airfield. Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our nation’s history.Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our nation’s history.

Maritime War Through November, carriers were the only source of tactical air strikes.Through November, carriers were the only source of tactical air strikes. USS Enterprise, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, and John C. StennisUSS Enterprise, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, and John C. Stennis Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all sorties, dropped 1/3 of all bombs.Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all sorties, dropped 1/3 of all bombs.

Operation Enduring Freedom: Timeline October 2001: Coalition combat operations begin.October 2001: Coalition combat operations begin. October-December 2001: Coalition forces drive out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-i- Sharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar.October-December 2001: Coalition forces drive out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-i- Sharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar. December 2001: The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN.December 2001: The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN. 2002: U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions (caves/guerilla warfare).2002: U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions (caves/guerilla warfare). –Coalition forces reach over 10,000. –Afghanistan has an interim government

Operation Enduring Freedom: Timeline (continued) : Taliban forces regroup and begin more offensive raids : Taliban forces regroup and begin more offensive raids. –Coalition forces change mission to seek out and attack smaller enemy tribes : Major fighting/combat operations shift towards Southern Afghanistan : Major fighting/combat operations shift towards Southern Afghanistan : Reassessment and renewed commitment : Reassessment and renewed commitment. –Troop surge of US forces from 24,000 to 48,000 by the end 2009.

Operation Iraqi Freedom March Sept 2010 Primary mission: End the regime of Saddam Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq’s WMD.Primary mission: End the regime of Saddam Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq’s WMD. March-December 2003: Air/Strike Warfare dominance. Ground troops push through and capture Baghdad. Saddam captured.March-December 2003: Air/Strike Warfare dominance. Ground troops push through and capture Baghdad. Saddam captured : Insurgency up rise leads to major combat operations in Western and Northern Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul) : Insurgency up rise leads to major combat operations in Western and Northern Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul).

Operation Iraqi Freedom March 2003-Sep 2010 (contd.) : Iraq begins to form new government (Saddam killed). 2007: Ordered Troop surge of 20,000 ground forces : Major combat operations have severely declined. –Large military bases and patrols have been turned over to Iraqi military and police.

OEF/OIF change of direction Primary Mission is still to seek out and eliminate Taliban/Al Qaeda/Terrorist cell organizations (Counter Insurgency). New Mission/Objectives: –Train foreign military and police forces (Small training teams made up of SME’s). –Work with and provide aid to local governments in order to establish a strong working democratic structure (Provincial Reconstruction Teams). –Plan and execute a responsible draw down and removal of troops.

“ONE OF THE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN PLANNING AGAINST AMERICAN DOCTRINE IS THAT THE AMERICANS DO NOT READ THEIR MANUALS NOR DO THEY FEEL ANY OBLIGATIONS TO FOLLOW THEIR DOCTRINE.” - FROM A SOVIET DOCUMENT - “THE REASON THAT THE AMERICAN NAVY DOES SO WELL IN WARTIME IS THAT WAR IS CHAOS, AND THE AMERICAN NAVY PRACTICES CHAOS ON A DAILY BASIS.” - A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII - - A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII -

U.S. Maritime Strategy A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century SeapowerA Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Seapower Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct 2007.Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct “Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, and trust.”“Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, and trust.” A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century SeapowerA Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Seapower Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct 2007.Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct “Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, and trust.”“Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, and trust.”

A Cooperative Strategy for 21 st Century Sea Power Preventing war is as important as winning wars.Preventing war is as important as winning wars. Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security.Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security. Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster ReliefElevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Relief Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation. Preventing war is as important as winning wars.Preventing war is as important as winning wars. Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security.Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security. Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster ReliefElevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Relief Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.

Core Capabilities of U.S. Maritime Power 1.Forward Presence 2.Deterrence 3.Sea Control 4.Power Projection 5.Maritime Security 6.Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Response 1.Forward Presence 2.Deterrence 3.Sea Control 4.Power Projection 5.Maritime Security 6.Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Response Emphasizes activities that prevent war and build partnerships with our allies.

Challenges for the U.S. Navy Chinese Modernization Chinese Modernization Iran and North Korea Iran and North Korea Number of naval ships declined from 592 to 283 between 1989 and Number of naval ships declined from 592 to 283 between 1989 and Navy and Marine Corps tactical aircraft are over 15 years old. Navy and Marine Corps tactical aircraft are over 15 years old. Ticonderoga-class cruisers are nearly 20 years old. Ticonderoga-class cruisers are nearly 20 years old. The current U.S. submarine fleet is half the size of the 1965 fleet (from ). The current U.S. submarine fleet is half the size of the 1965 fleet (from ).

Enabling Objectives DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001.DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom.EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom. RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).

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