Chapter 9 Welcome to Week 1 Day 2c Alcohol © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objectives for Chapter 9 Explain what alcohol is and how it is made. Explain why people drink alcohol. Describe how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized in the body. List the harmful effects of alcohol in the body. Describe the difference between alcohol abuse and alcoholism. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Is Alcohol and How Is It Made? Alcohol is not an essential nutrient Ethanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages Methanol (in antifreeze) and isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) are both poisonous to humans Ethanol is safe for consumption, but excessive amounts are toxic and can be fatal Made by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains (beer) and fruits (wine) Liquor is concentrated alcohol collected through distillation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Beer Beer is made from the fermentation of yeast and the natural sugars from grains Misc 9.1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Drink Alcohol? People drink to relax, celebrate, and socialize Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits: may reduce risk of heart disease Moderate alcohol consumption: no more than one drink daily for adult women, two for men Alcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood platelets less "sticky": less likely to form unwanted blood clots Health benefits only shown in women ≥55 years of age and men ≥45 years old, not in younger people © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do People Drink Alcohol? Moderate consumption is based on standard drink sizes, which contain about half an ounce of alcohol A standard drink is one of the following: 12-ounce serving of beer 1.5-ounce shot of liquor 5-ounce glass of wine Moderate drinkers should pay attention to: Size of drinks Frequency of drinking Abstaining from alcohol for several days, then overdrinking one day is not moderate drinking © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Is a Standard Drink? Figure 9.1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

When a Drink Is More Than a Drink… Figure 9.2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Alcohol Serving © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Practical Nutrition Tips Video: Step Up To The Bar © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Happens to Alcohol in the Body? Alcohol is a toxin, and the body works quickly to metabolize and eliminate it You absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestine Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme before it's absorbed Women are more susceptible to effects of alcohol than men Have 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase than men, so absorb more alcohol in stomach Food in stomach slows alcohol absorption © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Alcohol Absorption © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Happens to Alcohol in the Body? You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver: one standard drink is metabolized in 1½ to 2 hours Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde (eventually metabolized to CO2 and water) The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when chronically high levels of alcohol are present in liver Alcohol circulates in your blood until metabolized Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with amount of alcohol in your breath © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Metabolism of Alcohol Figure 9.3 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 9.1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Happens to Alcohol in the Body? Effects of alcohol on your brain Depressant of central nervous system Slows down transmission of nerve impulses and reaction time to stimuli Impairs thoughts, actions, behavior The more consumed, the more areas of brain affected If enough consumed, activities of brain stem are suppressed (breathing, heart rate), resulting in death © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Progressive Effects of Alcohol Table 9.2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Brain and Alcohol Figure 9.4 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangovers Even moderate amount in late afternoon/evening can disrupt sleep cycle Alcoholic beverages may contain congeners, which contribute to hangover symptoms Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nausea, increased thirst, rapid heart beat, tremors, sweating, dizziness, depression, anxiety, irritability Alcohol is a diuretic; can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol can interact with hormones Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose level Negatively affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones; can increase risk of osteoporosis Can increase estrogen levels in women; may increase risk of breast cancer Affects reproductive hormones and associated with both male and female sexual dysfunction © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition Provides 7 calories per gram, contributing to weight gain Increases fat and weight around stomach Alcohol calories can displace nutritious foods Excessive alcohol can interfere with absorption and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, thiamin, folate, and vitamins B12, A, D, E, K Thiamin deficiency affects brain function and increases risk of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 9.3 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Too Much Alcohol Costs You Good Nutrition Figure 9.5 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver Excessive amounts of alcohol can cause: Inflammation of esophagus Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and throat Gastritis and stomach ulcers Hypertension and damage to heart tissue Alcoholic liver disease Three stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcoholic Liver Disease Figure 9.6 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Effects of Alcohol on the Body Figure 9.7 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk Exposure to alcohol prenatally can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) Most severe form is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Causes physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities Effects of FASDs are permanent The only proven, safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can consume is none © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Figure 9.8 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Binge drinking, drinking and driving, and underage drinking are forms of alcohol abuse Binge drinking: consumption of 5 or more drinks by men, 4 by women, in a short time Increased likelihood of injuries, car accidents, drowning, unplanned sexual activity, death Associated with sexual aggression, assaults, suicide, homicide, child abuse, and health problems (hypertension, heart attack, sexually transmitted disease) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Binge drinking (continued) Can cause blackouts and lead to alcohol poisoning Chronic drinking can lead to alcohol tolerance Brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, needing more to get same intoxicating effect CAGE: screening tool to assess if patients have problem controlling alcohol consumption © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Consequences of College Binge Drinking Figure 9.9 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sloppy Spring Breakers Discussion Questions Who should be held responsible in a potentially dangerous situation that involves a visually intoxicated woman and a male who attempts to take advantage of her? (i.e., the bartender, her friends, herself)? Would you feel responsible for helping a visually intoxicated woman who is seemingly being taken advantage of by a male patron at the bar? How would you react in a similar situation to the ones in the video? Discuss ground rules or ways to keep friends safe while on spring break if one of your friends gets intoxicated. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 9.4 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Drinking and driving: illegal to drive with BAC of 0.08 One drink impairs alertness, judgment, coordination Underage drinking Increases risk of violence, injuries, health risks Can also interfere with brain development and lead to cognitive and memory damage in teenagers Underage drinking and driving is extremely risky The earlier in life a person starts drinking, the higher the risk for alcoholism © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

"Buzzed driving is drunk driving" Misc 9.8 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Alcoholism is a disease Four classic symptoms: Craving for alcohol Continued drinking despite physical, psychological, social problems Can't control or limit intake Dependency on alcohol Craving, loss of control, and dependency distinguish an alcoholic from an alcohol abuser © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Alcoholism runs in families Children of alcoholics are four times more susceptible Environment also has an impact Influences: home life, habits of family and friends, social pressures, access to alcohol No cure, but can be treated with: Medication to reduce cravings Psychological help and support Complete elimination of alcohol Alcoholics Anonymous: 12 steps for recovery and supportive group meetings © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Are Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism? Dietary Guidelines for Americans states that the following should abstain from alcohol: Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant Pregnant and lactating women Children and adolescents Those with specific medical conditions, taking certain medications, or operating machinery or driving Those who cannot restrict their intake © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.