John Dulles Secretary of State Critical of Truman “New look” foreign policy Challenge USSR and China Liberate captive Eastern European nations Encourage Nationalists Communists would back down if pushed Eisenhower kept him in check

John Dulles Massive Retaliation Nuclear weapons Air Power More bang for the buck Hydro-bombs Ignorance of non- superpower/third world conflict

Third World Unrest New, developing nations India, Pakistan – 1947 Indonesia – 1949 Ghana – 1957 Need for help turned nations into pawns

Third World Unrest Iran Nationalized oil industry Mohammed Mossadeq (elected leader) overthrown by CIA in 1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi keeps oil prices down, buys American weapons Guatemala Same story, only with fruit instead of oil Maybe 140,000 deaths at the hands of successive military dictators

Third World Unrest Indochina (Vietnam/Cambodia/Laos) France tries to retake Ho Chi Minh and Communists fight for independence U.S. gives aid to French USSR to Ho Chi Minh U.S. refuses to send in troops, French lose

Third World Unrest Division of Vietnam Temporary division at 17 th parallel South Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to let election take place U.S. gives $1 billion plus to South Vietnam

Third World Unrest Middle East Need for oil vs. support for Israel Suez Crisis Egypt asked U.S. to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile U.S. refuses over Israeli complications Egypt turns to USSR Limited financing Egypt seizes Suez canal France, Britain, Israel retake canal Eisenhower condemns invasion, forces withdraw

Third World Unrest Middle East Eisenhower Doctrine Economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism OPEC and oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

U.S. – Soviet Relations Spirit of Geneva U.S. call for slowdown of arms race Soviet withdrawal from Austria and peace with Greece and Turkey “Open Skies” proposal First thaw in Cold War Kruschev proposes “peaceful coexistence”

U.S. – Soviet Relations Hungary Popular uprising overthrows Communist gov. Khrushchev sends in tanks to restore control Eisenhower takes no action U-2 Incident Russians shoot down high-altitude spy plane Eisenhower takes responsibility Khrushchev calls off planned summit conference

Sputnik 1957 Soviet satellite that was first man made object in orbit U.S. rockets fail US funds NASA, science and tech education Beginning of “space race”

Cuba Libre Fidel Castro overthrows Dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 Castro nationalized American businesses and properties Eisenhower cuts off trade with Cuba Castro turns to USSR Communism within 90 miles of the U.S. Eisenhower prepares CIA to retake island

Eisenhower’s Legacy Checked communist aggression Didn’t enter all-out wars Suspension of above-ground nuclear testing Farewell Speech “Military-Industrial Complex” G. Washington’s farewell - “Overgrown military establishments are under any form of government inauspicious to liberty, and are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Republican liberty.”

Today 1. Lockheed Martin Corporation $113,150,702,033Lockheed Martin Corporation 2. Boeing Company, The $69,767,183,931Boeing Company, The 3. Northrop Grumman Corporation $58,965,101,199Northrop Grumman Corporation 4. Raytheon Company, The $39,574,959,300Raytheon Company, The 5. General Dynamics $34,305,146,453General Dynamics 6. BAe Systems $27,433,827,992BAe Systems 7. McDonnell Douglas (a subsidiary of Boeing) $24,411,061,390McDonnell Douglas 8. Science Applications Intl Corporation $15,496,672,846Science Applications Intl Corporation 9. Oshkosh Corporation $15,008,304,950Oshkosh Corporation 10. General Electric Corporation $10,297,038,378General Electric Corporation 12. L-3 Communications $8,606,004,056L-3 Communications Since 10/30/ MilitaryIndustrialComplex.com has recorded a total of 15,664 publicly-reported defense contracts. To date, that is an average of $3,840 for each member of the US citizenry.