1. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies
13.4

2. 1. New Leadership Many Americans wanted a change in leadership
Truman’s foreign policy seemed to be not working
Examples?
China fell to communism
Soviets developed A-bomb
American troops fighting another war in Korea
Eisenhower won in landslide
War hero
Organized D-Day invasion

3. 2. Eisenhower’s “New Look”
Military power + strong economy = key to winning Cold War
“New Look”
Large army is expensive
Nuclear weapons gave “more bang for the buck”
Massive retaliation
Small wars could be avoided by threatening to use nuclear weapons
Cut military spending from $50 billion to $34 billion
Increased nukes from 1,000 to 18,000 in 1961

4. 2. continued Massive Retaliation/More Bang for the Buck, continued…
B-52 Bombers
Cut round the world speed record in half
Flew 12,500 miles from Japan to Spain without refueling
ICBM’s – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
Delivered nuclear weapons more than 3,500 miles

5. 3. Sputnik Crisis Russians place a satellite in orbit (called Sputnik)
October 4, 1957
Caused crisis… was America falling behind?!
Congress created…
NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Rocket science and space exploration
NDEA – National Defense Education Act
Education/training in math, science, foreign languages

6. 4. Brinkmanship Threaten nuclear war to keep peace
Willingness to go to the edge or “brink” of war to force the other side down
How is that like…
Playing chicken...

7. 5. Eisenhower Ends Korean War
Quietly told the Chinese that the U.S. might continue the Korean War “under circumstances of our own choosing” – a hint at nuclear attack
July 1953 armistice signed – no victory, just an end to war
DMZ – Demilitarized zone
Eisenhower:

8. 6. Using Brinkmanship
Taiwan – China began shelling Taiwan and other islands controlled by Chinese nationalists
Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles threaten nuclear war to stop China
U.S. was going to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile River, but had to withdraw money because of Soviet involvement in Egypt
Egypt seized Suez Canal from Anglo-French company that controlled it
England and France invade
Eisenhower says “If those fellows start something, we may have to hit them—and if necessary with everything in the bucket”
Middle Eastern countries begin accepting Soviet aid

9. 7. Fighting Communism Covertly
Brinkmanship couldn’t stop communists from staging revolutions in countries
Solution: use covert operations led by CIA
Developing countries blamed European and American imperialism for their problems

10. 7. continued
Iran – CIA organized protests and riots to help the Shah return to power after Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh seemed ready to align Iran with the Soviet Union
Guatemala – Jacobo Guzman wins presidential election, begins to align himself with Communism; CIA trains opposition forces and he left office

11. 8. Continuing Tension Stalin died in 1953
Power struggle led to Nikita Khrushchev emerging as new leader
Khrushchev made a secret speech attacking Stalin’s policies
CIA broadcast the speech in Eastern Europe to undermine Soviet power
June 1956 uprisings and riots erupted…
Hungarian uprising crushed by Soviet troops