A Comparison and Contrast with US Education India: A Comparison and Contrast with US Education Darcy Elizabeth Church EDU 557 International and Cross-Cultural Education

Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya) Saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; White signifies purity and truth; Green stands for faith and fertility; The blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html

India is the 7th largest country in the world There are 29 states & 7 Union Territories It is a federal republic with a President, Vice-President & Prime Minister The Supreme court has one chief justice with 30 associate justices *Justices are appointed by the President and serve until they are 65 years old India has the 4th largest GDP at $4.99 trillion US Dollars (purchasing power) http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/india-political-map.htm

Population Pyramid https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/population/IN_popgraph%202014.bmp https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/population/US_popgraph%202014.bmp

The Taj Mahal & The Taj Mahal Palace http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WZ94NUC_FEs/UBvDS_K_mYI/AAAAAAAAAFg/jxDQIM-C6K0/s400/Taj%2Bhotel%2Bmumbai%2Bindia.jpg https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/photo_gallery/in/images/IN_003.jpg

The Taj Mahal “Bias-relief floral design in marble at the Taj Mahal” “A floral marble design at the Taj Mahal” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/photo_gallery/in/images/IN_015.JPG https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/photo_gallery/in/images/IN_018.JPG

Varanasi Varanasi – “One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world is located on the west bank of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/photo_gallery/in/images/IN_001.jpg

Buddha and Dhamek Stupa Dhamek Stupa – found in Samath, Uttar Pradesh, “location of Buddha’s sermon to his five disciples after attaining enlightenment” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html

A brief History of India Iron Age 1200-26 BCE; Indus Valley Civilization 3000 BCE-1600 BCE Aryans immigrate into the Ganges Valley (Sanskrit: आर्य, meaning "noble" or "noble one“) and intermix with the Dravidians 1500 BCE Vedism 1400 BCE-400 BCE; Veds – “knowledge”; Sutri – “that which is heard” Rgveda Saṁhitā (Sanskrit: संहिता) – “put together, joined, union" and "a methodically, rule-based combination of text or verses” Sāmaveda (Sanskrit: सामवेद) – "melody" and veda "knowledge” Yajurveda Saṁhitā (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद) –"sacrificial formula" and Veda "knowledge") - "Knowledge of Sacrificial Rituals“ Atharvaveda Saṁhitā (Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद) – "Knowledge of Incarnations" (Trautmann, 1997, p. Xxxii) Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp 1-11 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 1-22

A brief History of India Classical Period 21-1279 CE Maurya Empire 320-550 BCE – 1000/1100 CE literature, poetry and art; peace and prosperity Puranas (Hindu text) Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture (Golden Age ) Prince Siddharta Gautama was born approx 563 BCE (later known as Buddha, or "Awakened One"). “The Buddha died in 483 B.C.E., after 45 years of traveling and teaching.” It is believed that his last words were "Strive on with awareness" Late Medieval Period 1526-1858 CE Turks and Afghans (1000/1100 CE) establish the Delhi Sultanate http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8d.asp http://www.history.com/topics/taj-mahal Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 1-22

A brief History of India Early Modern Period – Babur (Afghan leader) invades India, Mughal Empire rules until 1858 1632 Taj Mahal construction begins, built by the Islamic Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his deceased wife, Arjumand Banu Begum (also known as “Chosen One of the Palace”) It was built across the Yamuna River from the royal palace at Agra. The construction was accomplished by approximately 20,000 men and 1,000 elephants 1758-1858 many parts of India controlled by the East India Company Colonial Period 1858 British imperialism conquers the Mughal Empire Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948 CE) & Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964 CE) prominent leaders in the Indian Independence movement (1930’s- 1940’s CE) ** Indian independence from Britain August 15, 1947 http://www.history.com/topics/taj-mahal Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 1-22

Educational System in India (before colonization by the British Empire) Guru Kula System – the teacher “Guru” accepted those he thought worthy Student would move into the home of the Guru Student(s) helped with all household activities Structure was fluid; subjects included household tasks, Sanskrit, holy scriptures, mathematics, metaphysics….. Timespan was mutually agreed upon Some rote learning intimately linked to nature Ellis, 2009, pp 363–375 Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 1-22

Educational System in India after colonization by the British Empire Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay (1800-1859) Opposed slavery Supported education Introduced the modern educational system in India (1839) Learning was in English Topics were no longer tied to nature Topics included science and mathematics Metaphysics and philosophy were discontinued Classes in a centralized school, not the Guru’s home http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/thomas-babington-lord-macaulay

Educational System in India after colonization by the British Empire 1921 The Uttar Pradesh Board of High School Education and Intermediate Education was established Jurisdiction was Rajputana, Central India, & Gwalior 1929 The Board of High School and Intermediate Education was founded 1935 Central Advisory Board of Education (CAB) was founded Monitors and changes educational policies and programs Ellis, 2009, pp 363–375 Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 25-98l

Educational System in India after Independence 1947 Independence from the British Empire; Article 45 of the Constitution, children ages 6-14 Universal & compulsory education 1952 Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) named Determined curriculum, textbooks & the examination system for all affiliated schools 1965 National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) prepares the National Curriculum Framework & the State Council for Educational Research and Training (SCERT) – states are not obligated to follow the national plan Ellis, 2009, pp 363–375 Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 25-98

Educational System in India after Independence 1976 Constitutional Amendment placed Education on the concurrent list making it the responsibility of both state and federal governments, but awarded the federal government supremacy in all matters concerning education. The Indian nationalist perspective on decentralization promoted education in Grama Swaraj (village self-rule), of which Mahatma Gandhi adamantly supported 1986 The National Policy on Education 1992 The Program of Action (POA) goal of free and compulsory education for all children ages 6- 14 years is renewed Ellis, 2009, pp 363–375 Kitagawa, 1989, pp 3-5 Sen, 1988, pp-11-25 Sharma & Sharma, 2004, pp 25-98

India vs USA Total Population 1,236,344,631 (2nd largest in the world behind China) Ethnic Groups Indo-Aryan 72% Dravidian 25% Mongoloid (and others) 3% Religions Hindu 80.5% Muslim 13.4% Christian 2.3% Sikh 1.9% Other/unspecified 1.9% Total Population 318,892,103 (4th largest in the world) Ethnic Groups White 79.96% Black 12.85% Asian 4.43% Indo-European 3.8% Asian & Pacific Islands 2.7% Other 0.7% Religions Protestant 51.3% Roman Catholic 23.9% Mormon 1.7% Other Christians 1.6% Jewish 1.7% Buddhist 0.7% Muslim 0.6% Unspecified/unaffiliated/none 15% https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

India vs USA Education Expenditure 5.4% of the GDP (63rd in the world) Years of Education 17 males – 16 years females – 17 years 1.3% of the children under the age of 5 are underweight Education Expenditure 3.2% of the GDP (134th in the world) Years of Education 12 males – 12 years females – 11 years 43.5% of the children under the age of 5 are underweight https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

Educational System in India after Independence Required languages – English, Hindi & their mother tongue Literacy (definition) – “age 15 and over can read and write” India is 6th in the world when it comes to internet users, and yet, population literacy 62.8% male literacy 75.2% female literacy 50.8% United States of America is 2nd in the world when it comes to internet users population literacy: 99% male literacy: 99% female literacy: 99% (2003 est.) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

Educational System in India School/Level Grade From Grade To Age From Age To Years   Notes Primary Elementary School 1 8 6 14   Secondary Secondary School 9 12 18 4 Includes Standards IX and XII - Senior Secondary School or Junior College Tertiary University/College Level Technical Institutes Undergraduate degree http://www.classbase.com/Countries/India/Education-System

Educational System in India Scale Grade Description US Grade 60.00 - 100.00 First Division/First Class A 50.00 - 59.00 Second Class/Second Division B 40.00 - 49.00 Third Class/Third Division/Pass Class C Please note, minimum pass can vary, typically between 30 and 40 Conceded Pass/Grace Marks D 0.00 - 39.00 Below Minimum Pass (Any grade below the institutions' minimum pass) F http://www.classbase.com/Countries/India/Grading-System

Similarities in Education: India & US All lessons structured according to five aspects of education: information, concepts, attitude, imagination, and freedom. Multiple intelligences (as outlined by Dr. Howard Gardner) ICSE School Board Subjects taught in India: English, Mathmatics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Geography, History/Civics, E.V.S (Environmental Science),Computer, Art, Philosophy, Hindi, English, and an additional language. Subjects taught in the US: Language Arts/English, Mathematics (Algebra Readiness and Geometry to AP Calculus), Sciences (Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Earth Science, Plants, and Genetics), Social Studies/History, Physical Education, Health, Family and Computer Science, Art (sculpture, ceramics, painting, and digital media),Music, Business, Computer Sciences. http://www.csdnb.org/#home http://www.cisce.org/divisions.aspx

Differences in Education: India & US India – Standards connect knowledge to life outside the school, learning shifts away from rote methods, enrichment beyond textbooks, flexible exams integrated with classroom activities, and nuturing identity within democratic polity of the country. USA – Standards are research and evidence based, clear, understandable, and consistent, aligned with college and career expectations, based on rigorous content and the application of knowledge through higher-order thinking skills, built upon the strengths and lessons of current state standards, and Informed by other top-performing countries to prepare all students for success in our global economy and society. http://www.csdnb.org/#home http://www.cisce.org/divisions.aspx http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/english/nf2005.pdf

India: 12th board exams Biology As the subject includes lots of diagrams, give special attention to important diagrams and their theory. Make sure you remember the important terms and their respective functions. Biology involves learning and memorizing difficult terminology. Write such terms repeatedly so as to get acquainted with them. Get thorough with the important definitions as the subject is mostly theory. http://www.mapsofindia.com/education/how-to-prepare/high-school.html

India: CBSE vs ICSE Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE ) Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) Main board of education for secondary education All of the competitive examinations test based on this syllabus) All India Senior School Certificate Examination – completed after the 12th grade for those going on to tertiary education 6 subjects/examinations during the 6th grade ICSE examination at the end of 10th grade and an Indian School Certificate (ISC) examination at the end of 12th grade Indian Certificate of Secondary Education board is recognized around the world 13 subjects/examinations during the 6th grade https://www.urbanpro.com/a/cbse-vs-icse-the-pros-and-cons-of-each-educational-board?_from=showMessage# Johnson, Khalil, Peppler, Davey, & Kibble, 2014, pp 315-320 Lall, 2008, pp 103-119

India: CBSE vs ICSE CBSE is preferred for movement within the Republic of India. The syllabus is more focused on mathematics and sciences. It has more scholarships, aptitude exams for innate skills, and is preferred in the fields of engineering and medicine. Subjects are purely academic in nature. ICSE is newer and would facilitate international immigration as its syllabus is more compatible with international standards. The ICSE covers more diverse topics, promotes practical knowledge, and fosters analytical thoughts and skills with laboratory and practical applications. https://www.urbanpro.com/a/cbse-vs-icse-the-pros-and-cons-of-each-educational-board?_from=showMessage# Johnson, Khalil, Peppler, Davey, & Kibble, 2014, pp 315-320 Lall, 2008, pp 103-119

India: 12th board exams (similar to the CAPT exams in CT) Tips to prepare: Know the syllabus clearly: Follow your class lessons properly to cover your syllabus in a systematic manner. The class lessons are probably the first introduction of the topics to you. After coming home, revise whatever is taught in the class, as the topics will be still fresh in mind. In case of confusion, clarify with your teacher the next day. Solve questions: Try and solve the questions at the end of each topic and also the last ten years' papers. If you are stuck, make sure you have it resolved by the next day at the maximum. Take help from teachers and seniors, as needed. Maintain separate notebooks for each subject: Jot down important notes and formulae that you come across during your studies. This will help before the exams as you can just grab the subject notebook and revise the portions you want. Highlight important points: Highlight important points and formulae on textbooks and reference books to locate them easily. Revise the points as and when you get time.

India: 12th board exams (similar to the CAPT exams in CT) Tips to prepare: Plan your studies: Chalk out a time table for board exam preparation and allocate ample time for each subject. Choose the time that you think is best for study. It can be early in the morning or late at night. Do not allow distractions to mar your studies. Select a study space that you feel is most suitable and convenient. Know your strengths and weaknesses: Hone your strengths but do not ignore your weaknesses. Concentrate more to improve on them. Take guidance from your teachers. Revise Well: Do not study anything new or from a new book right before exams, as you may get confused. Revise what you have studied and glance at important notes and formulae. Make note of important formulae and keep them handy so that you can take a look at them as an when you want. Make a weekly revision plan once you have completed the entire syllabus. Keep fit: Eat healthy and take ample rest. Make sure you are also spending some time playing and re-energizing yourself.

India vs USA CBSE/IBSC Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) American College Testing (ACT) Required for admission into tertiary education Cutoff scores are determined by each institution of higher learning SAT/ACT score cutoffs are determined by the individual schools for admission. Additional materials can be required (high school transcript with written evaluations by your teachers, teacher recommendations, school counselor recommendation, personal essays, etc.) Johnson, Khalil, Peppler, Davey, & Kibble, 2014, pp 315-320 Lall, 2008, pp 103-104 http://admissions.yale.edu/what-yale-looks-for

Immigration to the USA As with any transition, testing/assessments should be the first step prior to placement in school. This applies to all children regardless of the place of origin. We recognize that differences in curriculum from state to state in the US led to the widespread adoption of the Common Core State Standards and the introduction of the Next Generation Science Standards. All things being equal, a student’s application to learning is a better indicator of subsequent success in school, not the country (or state) of origin.

When governments promote an agenda in education “The Education policy is an effective means to promote and spread nationalist ideologies and, consequently, countries have used their education infrastructure for political ends.” Lall, 2008, pp 103-104

References: Educational Research Indian Educational Review: Half-yearly Journal Of (2010): 46(1), (pp. 22, ). Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/journals/pdf_files/indian_education_review/January_2010.pdf Ellis, C. (2009) "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India," History Compass, (March 2009), 7(2). pp 363–375. "India 1900 to 1947" (2014). HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/india_1900_to_1947.htm Johnson, T. R., Khalil, M. K., Peppler, R. D., Davey, D. D., & Kibble, J. D. (2014). Use of the NBME Comprehensive Basic Science Examination as a progress test in the preclerkship curriculum of a new medical school. Advances In Physiology Education, 38(4), 315-320. Kaul, D. C. (2011). From empire to independence: The British Raj in India 1858-1947. BBC: History, Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml

References: Kitagawa, J. (Ed.). (1989). The Religious traditions of Asia (pp. 3-5). New York, New York: Macmillan Pub. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Department of School Education & Literacy, retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://mhrd.gov.in/school-education Lall, M. (2008). Educate to hate: the use of education in the creation of antagonistic national identities in India and Pakistan. Compare: A Journal Of Comparative Education, 38(1), 103-119. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.www.consuls.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=77fb9540-a205-4d7b-810b-92aedd2287ff%40sessionmgr111&vid=0&hid=119 Mukundan, M., & Bray, M. (2004). The Decentralisation Of Education In Kerala State, India: Rhetoric And Reality. International Review Of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft, 50(3/4), 223-244. Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.www.consuls.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f9bcce0d-12bb-4943-8ad0-f605c56d5b20%40sessionmgr198&vid=0&hid=119 NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (2005) Retrieved March 26, 2015, from http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/prelims.pdf

References: New Britain Consolidated School District, (Curriculum comparison) http://www.csdnb.org/#home Sen, S. (1988), "Education in Ancient and Medieval India", Indian Journal of History of Science, Indian National Science Academy, 23(1), pp: 1-32. Sharma, R., & Sharma, R. (2004). History of Education in India. (pp. 1-98). New Delhi: Atlantic and Distributors. Thatte, R. L. (2004). Education in the Indian philosophical context. Indian Journal Of Plastic Surgery, 37(2), 94-98. Trautmann, T. (1997). Aryans and British India (p. Xxxii). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.