Racing Rules of Sailing 2009 – 2012 Part 2 Presentation Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Purpose of the RRS The rules have several purposes: Allow boats to race in tight quarters without colliding Make racing as fair as possible Promote safety Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Rule Book Organization Parts 1 – 7 contain rules that affect all competitors: Part 1: Fundamental Rules Part 2: When Boats Meet Primary focus of this presentation Part 3: Conducting a Race Part 4: Other Requirements When Racing Part 5: Protests, Redress, Hearings, Misconduct and Appeals Part 6: Entry and Qualification Part 7: Race Organization Appendices A – Q provide details of rules, rules that apply to particular kinds of racing, and rules that affect only a small number of the competitors or officials. Definitions Primary focus of this presentation Race Signals Spend a wee bit of time here going over the “big picture” view of the rule book Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped Draw a line perpendicular the center line of the boat through the aftermost point of her hull or equipment in normal position. Left picture – the yellow boats hull and equipment in normal position is clear astern. The blue boat is clear ahead. Right picture - They are overlapped because neither is clear astern. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped Draw a line perpendicular the center line of the boat through the aftermost point of her hull or equipment in normal position. The aftermost point might be the back edge of an outboard rudder. On a downwind leg Yellow’s spinnaker in it’s normal position may cause an overlap even when the hulls are not overlapped. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped Boat Between Boat NOT Between In both pictures Yellow is overlapped with both Blue and Green. In the picture on the left - because Yellow is between Blue and Green and overlapped with each this means that Blue and Green are also overlapped. In the picture on the right – Blue and Green are not overlapped because Yellow is not between them. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped Same Tack These terms always apply to boats on the same tack This is now spelled out clearly in the new rules. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped Opposite Tacks – when rule 18 applies. OR both boats are sailing more than 90º from the true wind. True Wind Clear ahead and clear astern do not apply to boats on opposite tacks unless rule 18 applies OR both boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind. The second part (both boats are more than 90 degrees from the true wind) is new in 2009. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Definitions Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Case 1 Case 2 Get the audience to answer the question for both cases and state the reason why, Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Definitions Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Case 1 Case 2 Yes, opposite tacks but sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind. Yes, they are on the same tack and neither is clear astern. Get the audience to answer the question for both cases and state the reason why, Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Definitions Case 1 Case 2 Let the class discuss both cases. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Yellow? Definitions Case 1 Case 2 Let the class discuss both cases. Yes, even though they are on opposite tacks Rule 18 applies. Yes, they are on the same tack and neither is clear astern. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Green? Definitions Case 1 Case 2 Case 1: Yes, they are overlapped because Yellow is overlapped with both and between them. Case 2:Yes, Yellow is between Blue and Green and even though Yellow is on the opposite tack all the boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Green? Definitions Case 1 Case 2 Yes, Yellow is overlapped with both and between them. Case 1: Yes, they are overlapped because Yellow is overlapped with both and between them. Case 2:Yes, Yellow is between Blue and Green and even though Yellow is on the opposite tack all the boats are sailing more than 90 degrees from the true wind. Yes, Yellow is between both and all boats are more than 90º from the true wind. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Green? Definitions Get the audience to answer the question for both cases and state the reason why, Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Is there an overlap between Blue and Green? Definitions No, Yellow is not between Blue & Green Get the audience to answer the question for both cases and state the reason why, Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Fetching A boat is fetching a mark when she is in a position to pass to windward of it and leave it on the required side without changing tack. New definition in 2009. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Which boats are fetching the mark? Definitions Wind Three important things to remember about fetching: first is the boat is in a position to leave it to windward, second is to leave it on the required side and three is to do it without changing tacks. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Which boats are fetching the mark? Definitions Wind Green & Yellow: Yes Blue, Pink & Gray: No Three important things to remember about fetching: first is the boat is in a position to leave it to windward, second is to leave it on the required side and three is to do it without changing tacks. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

? Definitions Finish Equipment in normal position From direction of the last mark ? Two important things to remember about finishing: The first is that crew and equipment must be in normal position. Normal position is generally defined as where they would be located for the existing wind and sea conditions. The second item about finishing is that the boat must cross the line in the direction from the last mark. Which way should blue cross this finish line? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

? Definitions Finish Equipment in normal position From direction of the last mark ? Two important things to remember about finishing: The first is that crew and equipment must be in normal position. Normal position is generally defined as where they would be located for the existing wind and sea conditions. The second item about finishing is that the boat must cross the line in the direction from the last mark. Which way should blue cross this finish line? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions When did Blue finish? Position 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5? Get the audience to discuss the situation. Answer: Position 5 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Keep Clear A boat keeps clear of another if the other can sail her course with no need to take avoiding action … and, when … overlapped, if the leeward boat can change course in both directions without immediately making contact … Wiggle room Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Leeward and Windward Upwind When sailing upwind the boat’s leeward side is the side that is or, when head to wind, was away from the wind and the opposite side is the windward side – has nothing to do with sail position. Red and Green boats have back-winded their mains. Even though Red’s sail is on her starboard side, that is still her windward side. And Green’s sail is on her port side, so that is still her windward side. Blue and Yellow have each gone head-to-wind, so their sails are now in the middle of their boat. The leeward side is the side that was away from the wind prior to going head-to-wind. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Leeward and Windward Downwind When sailing by the lee or directly downwind, the leeward side is the side on which her mainsail lies. Sail position instead of wind is the factor when sailing by the lee or directly downwind. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Mark-Room This is a new term in 2009 Mark-Room definition has two parts Room for a boat to sail to the mark, and then room to sail her proper course while at the mark. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Must give mark-room from now. Definitions Mark-Room Room for a boat to sail to the mark, The space needed to sail to the mark to the mark in a “seamanlike “ way. Must give mark-room from now. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Must give mark-room from now. Definitions Mark-Room Room for a boat to sail to the mark, Must give mark-room from now. Entitled only to enough space to sail to the mark in a seamanlike way, not the space she might want to make a tactical swing wide-cut close rounding. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Mark-Room … and then room to sail her proper course while at the mark. Once at the mark, entitled to space to sail her proper course around or past the mark. Must give mark-room from now. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Mark-Room … and then room to sail her proper course while at the mark. Her proper course at the mark may be to gybe. Yellow must leave enough space for Blue’s boom to come across with the gybe. Must give mark-room from now. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Obstruction The object must be large enough to require a substantial course if you were aiming right at it. The amount of course change required is determined from a point one-boat length from the object. The size of course change must be substantial. Three things to remember about obstructions: 1) The object must be large enough to require you to change course substantially if you were aiming directly at it.. 2) The amount of course change required is determined from a point one-boat length away from the object. 3) The size of your course change must be substantial. Course change general guideline is a 10% course change. Less than a 10% course change is NOT substantial. Size general guideline is 1/3 your boat length. A stationary object less than 1/3 your boat length would NOT be an obstruction. STAY CLEAR Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Obstruction A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing obstruction. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Proper Course Fastest course to the finish in the absence of the other boats referred to in the rule… No proper course before the starting signal Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Racing A boat is racing from her preparatory signal until she finishes and clears the finishing line and marks – or retires – or the race is recalled, postponed or abandoned. Preamble to Part 2 requires that you understand when a boat is racing and when a boat must follow the rules… Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Room: The space a boat needs in the existing conditions while maneuvering promptly in a seamanlike way. promptly – time (generally interpreted as without unreasonable delay) existing conditions – big waves, strong winds, current seamanlike – not beginner or expert, but competent, safe Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Rule includes: the rules in the current book (including Definitions, Signals, Introduction, preambles, and rules of relevant appendices) BUT NOT THE TITLES Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Rule includes: ISAF Regulations: 19 (Eligibility), 20 (Advertising), 21 (Anti-Doping), 22 (Sailor Classification) The prescriptions of the national authority (US SAILING) Class rules NOR and SIs Any other documents that govern the event (Deed of Gift) A cross reference to J1.1(3) and J2.1(2) would be helpful. “a list of any other documents that will govern the event” may need to be stated in the NoR and SIs. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions What about… ? – ISAF CASES ? – US SAILING Appeals Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions What about… ? – ISAF CASES ? – US SAILING Appeals No, they are not rules. They are authoritative interpretations and explanations of the rules. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Start (The boat, not the race) A boat starts when she crosses the starting line after the starting signal and after complying with rule 30.1 if it applies. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Tack, Starboard or Port A boat is on the tack corresponding to her windward side. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Zone The area around a mark within a distance of three hull lengths of the boat nearer to it. A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in the zone. Obstructions no longer have zones. Note: The distance is measured by the length of the hull, and not the location of the sails or a bow sprit, etc. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Definitions Zone The three-length zone is not necessarily a circle. It’s an area around a mark that is less than three hull lengths from the perimeter of that object. The inner circle denotes a three-length zone around a mark. The outer eclipse represents the three-length zone around the Race Committee signal boat. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Preamble of Part 2 Rules of Part 2 apply between boats that are sailing in or near the racing area and: intend to race are racing have been racing Ask audience, what about meeting cruising boats? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Part 2 is divided into four sections: Section A – Right of Way Defines the responsibilities of give-way boats Section B – General Limitations Defines the limitations on all boats (right-of-way and give-way) Section C – At Marks and Obstructions Section D – Other Rules Break down of – right of way limitations at marks/obstructions other is a good way to organize thinking Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Section A – Right of Way Rule 10 – Opposite Tacks Port keeps clear of starboard Rule 11 – Same tack, overlapped Windward keeps clear of leeward Rule 12 – Same tack, not overlapped Clear astern keeps clear of clear ahead Rule 13 – Changing tacks by tacking Boat tacking keeps clear of other boats A pair of boats can have one of four different relationships at any given time. The four rules in Part 2 Section A correspond to each relationship. Opposite tacks Same tack overlapped Same tack not overlapped Changing tacks Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section A – Right of Way 10 – ON OPPOSITE TACKS When boats are on opposite tacks, a port-tack boat shall keep clear of a starboard tack boat. Port’s Responsibility Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section A – Right of Way 11 – ON THE SAME TACK, OVERLAPPED When boats are on the same tack and overlapped, a windward boat shall keep clear of a leeward boat. Windward’s Responsibility Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section A – Right of Way 12 – ON THE SAME TACK, NOT OVERLAPPED When boats are on the same tack and not overlapped, a boat clear astern shall keep clear of a boat clear ahead. Astern’s Responsibility Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section A – Right of Way 13 – WHILE TACKING After a boat passes head to wind, she shall keep clear of other boats until she is on a close-hauled course. Tacking’s Responsibility The obligation for blue to keep clear starts AFTER she passes head-to-wind. Blue in position 2 is passed head-to-wind. During this time rules 10, 11 and 12 do not apply. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section A – Right of Way 13 – WHILE TACKING … If two boats are subject to rule 13 at the same time, the one on the other’s port side, or the one astern, shall keep clear. S P One on other’s port responsibility Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 - When Boats Meet Section B – General Limitations Puts limits on the actions of the all boats including the right-of-way boats as well as the give-way boats: Rule 14 – Avoiding Contact Rule 15 – Acquiring Right of Way Rule 16 – Changing Course Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 14 – Avoiding Contact Sailing is not a contact sport Even the RoW boat shall avoid contact if reasonably possible The RoW boat may be penalized if there is contact that causes damage or injury. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 15 – ACQUIRING RIGHT OF WAY When a boat acquires right of way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear, Get the class to discuss the transition of right-of-way between positions 1 and 3 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 15 – ACQUIRING RIGHT OF WAY When a boat acquires right of way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear, #1 – YELLOW is RoW rule 12 Get the class to discuss the transition of right-of-way between positions 1 and 3 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 15 – ACQUIRING RIGHT OF WAY When a boat acquires right of way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear, Get the class to discuss the transition of right-of-way between positions 1 and 3 #2 – Blue becomes RoW rule 11 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 15 – ACQUIRING RIGHT OF WAY When a boat acquires right of way, she shall initially give the other boat room to keep clear, #1 – YELLOW is RoW rule 12 Get the class to discuss the transition of right-of-way between positions 1 and 3 #2 – Blue becomes RoW rule 11 YELLOW’s Responsibility at #2 keep clear – rule 11 BLUE’s Limitation at #2 initially…give room to keep clear – rule 15 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 16 – CHANGING COURSE 16.1 When a RoW boat changes course, she shall give the other boat room to keep clear. Rule 16 does not shift the right-of-way. It just puts a limitation on the right-of-way boat. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 17 – ON THE SAME TACK; PROPER COURSE If a boat clear astern becomes overlapped within two of her hull lengths to leeward of a boat on the same tack, Rule 17 has new wording, but the meaning is still the same. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 17 – ON THE SAME TACK; PROPER COURSE If a boat clear astern becomes overlapped within two of her hull lengths to leeward of a boat on the same tack, she shall not sail above her proper course while they remain on the same tack and overlapped within that distance, … Rule 17 has new wording, but the meaning is still the same. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 17 – ON THE SAME TACK; PROPER COURSE If a boat clear astern becomes overlapped within two of her hull lengths to leeward of a boat on the same tack, she shall not sail above her proper course while they remain on the same tack and overlapped with that distance, Proper Course unless … she promptly sails astern of the other boat Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section B – General Limitations 17 – ON THE SAME TACK; PROPER COURSE Old rule 17.2 has been removed from the 2009 – 2012 rules. There is nothing in the new rule book that limits sailing below your proper course. Blue can sail as low as she wants, as long as she keeps clear under rule 11. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Summary - Sections A and B Obligations: Boats on the left (Port) must keep clear of boats on the right (Starboard) - rule10 Boats with wind (Windward) keep clear of boats with less wind (Leeward) - rule11 Boats approaching from astern keep clear of boats ahead – rule12 Boats changing tacks keep clear of boats on a tack - rule13 Limits and Responsibilities: All boats must avoid contact – rule 14 Boats acquiring RoW must give other boats time to respond – rule 15 RoW boats changing course must give other boats time to respond – rule 16 Boats overtaking others from astern don’t have luffing rights – rule 17 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Section C – At Marks & Obstructions Purpose of the rules is to allow safe and orderly sailing when boats converge at marks and obstructions. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Significant re-write Preamble Rule 18 Mark-Room (Marks only) Rule 19 Room to Pass an Obstruction Rule 20 Room to Tack at an Obstruction Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Aims Reflect how sailors sail today; minimize game changes Shorter & simpler to understand than old rule When two boats meet, clear if and how rule applies Principles No change or switch off of basic RoW or Section B Minimize exceptions & ambiguities Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Obstruction and one boat hails for room to tack and avoid? Rule 20 applies Obstruction that is not a mark with a required side? Obstruction that is a continuing obstruction? Rule 19 applies A mark with a required side other than a starting mark? R18 applies Yes Yes Yes Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Section C Preamble Section C rules do not apply at a starting mark surrounded by navigable water or at its anchor line from the time boats are approaching them to start until they have passed them. When rule 20 applies, rules 18 and 19 do not. This is just a new location for this rule. The first sentence was previously in rule 18.1 (a). The second sentence was previously in rule 19.2. - Rule Location Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions 18.1 When Rule 18 Applies Boats are required to leave a mark on the same side At least one of them is in the zone No more “about to round” A common misperception about the old rule 18 was when it began to apply. The term “about to round or pass” was very vague. Now Rule 18 is very specific about when it applies. However, remember the new definition of zone. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18 DOES NOT apply: 18.1 (a) between boats on opposite tacks on a beat to windward, 18.1 (b) between boats on opposite tacks when the proper course at the mark for one but not both of them is to tack, 18.1 (c) between a boat approaching a mark and one leaving it, or 18.1 (d) if the mark is a continuing obstruction, in which case rule 19 applies. Rule 18.1 – When this rule applies Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C –Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.2 (a) – Giving Mark-Room When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C –Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.2 (b) – Giving Mark-Room Blue is clear ahead when she reaches the zone. Yellow is clear astern when Blue reaches the zone. Yellow shall give Blue mark-room. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C –Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.2 (c) – Giving Mark-Room What if the overlap is broken? Give the class time to discuss Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C –Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.2 (c) – Giving Mark-Room What if the overlap is broken? If after Blue enters the zone she pulls clear ahead of Yellow, Blue must continue to give Yellow mark-room. Give the class time to discuss Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Doubt: “If there is reasonable doubt that a boat obtained or broke an overlap in time, it shall be presumed she did not.” Rule18.2(d) Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.3 Tacking When Approaching a Mark Two boat approaching a mark on opposite tacks. One boat is fetching the mark One boat changes tacks in the zone and as a result is subject to rule 13 in the zone. Subject to rule 13 Fetching the mark Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions The boat that changes tack inside the zone: X shall not cause the fetching boat to have to sail above close-hauled to avoid her X shall not prevent the fetching boat from passing the mark on the required side  shall give mark-room if the fetching boat becomes overlapped inside her The new wordage is “changes tacks” instead of “tacked”. Tacked means the boat comes to a close-hauled course completing her tack. Changes tack does not require the tack to be completed. Changing tack without completing the tack at this point is very rare. Point 2 – example: P completes a tack ahead and is just fetching the mark. S need not go above close-hauled to avoid her because she can go below P. But, if she does that there won’t ber room for her to go between P and the mark. So, S is prevented from passing the mark on the requjired side. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.4 Gybing Three requirements: Two overlapped boats approaching a mark Inside boat must have the right-of-way Inside boat must have to gybe at the mark to sail her proper course Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.4 Gybing Turns on: When Yellow enters the zone Turns off: At the moment Yellow gybes During this time the inside boat must sail no further from the mark than she needs to sail her proper course. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.4 Gybing Does not apply at a gate mark. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 18.5 Exoneration When a boat is taking mark-room to which she is entitled, she shall be exonerated if, as a result of the other boat failing to give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section A if, by rounding the mark on her proper course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16 Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Yellow must keep clear, Blue must give mark-room. Yellow is taking mark-room to which she is entitled. Blue breaks rule 18.2. Yellow breaks rule 11 but is exonerated. Yellow must keep clear, Blue must give mark-room. Blue is giving mark-room as required. Yellow is taking more room than she is entitled to, and breaks rule 11. No exoneration. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions When does rule 18 (requirement to give mark-room) stop applying? Before the mark: when the boat entitled to mark-room leaves the zone (rule 18.2(c)). After the mark: when the boat entitled to mark-room no longer requires it. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 19 Room to Pass an Obstruction Rule 19.1 When Rule 19 Applies At an obstruction that is not a mark of the course At a continuing obstruction regardless of whether it is a mark No zone around an obstruction When one boat reached the point she must commit to passing on one side or the other of the obstruction she is at the obstruction. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 19.2 (a) Giving Room at an Obstruction A right-of-way boat may choose to pass an obstruction on either side. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 19.2 (b) Giving Room at an Obstruction When overlapped, the outside boat shall give the inside boat room between her and the obstruction. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 19.2 (c) Giving Room at an Obstruction Continuing obstruction Blue is clear astern and required to keep clear The moment Blue overlaps Yellow, if there is not room for her to pass between Yellow and the obstruction, she is not entitled to room. Br eakwater Shore Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 19 Exoneration Exoneration is only available in accordance with rule 64.1(c) When she has been compelled to break a rule as a consequence of another boat breaking a rule Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20 Room to Tack at an Obstruction Rule 20.1 Hailing and Responding Rule 20.2 Exoneration Rule 20.3 When Not to Hail Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20.1 Hailing and Responding Yellow is approaching an obstruction Sailing close-hauled or above Yellow may hail Blue for room to tack and avoid Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20.1(a) Hailing and Responding Yellow hails and gives Blue time to respond (there may be boats to windward of Blue) Blue either tacks as soon as possible, or hails “You tack” and gives room Yellow tacks as soon as possible Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20.3 When Not to Hail A boat shall not hail unless safety requires her to make a substantial course change to avoid the obstruction. She shall not hail if the obstruction is a mark the hailed boat is fetching. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20.3 When Not to Hail The hailed boat must respond to any and every hail Even if the hail is improper If you think the hail is improper, respond and protest the hailing boat. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 Section C – Marks & Obstructions Rule 20.2 Exoneration When a boat is taking room she is entitled to under 20.1(b), she shall be exonerated if she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or 16. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Section D – Other Rules Rule 21 – Starting Errors; Taking Penalties; Moving Astern Rule 22 – Capsized, Anchored, or Aground; Rescuing Rule 23 – Interfering with Another Boat Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 – When Boats Meet Rule 23 – Interfering w/ Another Boat Rule 23.2 – Except when sailing her proper course, a boat shall not interfere with a boat taking a penalty or sailing on another leg. If you are sailing your proper course and interfere you do not break rule 23. If you are NOT sailing your proper course and you interfere you break rule 23. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Part 2 During a Race How does all this fit together around the race course? How do the rules that apply change as the situation changes? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Starting Area Is Green an obstruction? Who has rights? What rules apply? If Green had gotten there on Port would it have made a difference? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Starting Area Blue, as leeward right-of-way boat, gets to decide on which side of Green she wants to sail. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Starting Area Does Yellow have rights to ask for room? Once the blue boat decides to go to leeward of Green: Rule 19 applies Green is not a mark of the course Rule 19.2(b) – Overlapped Blue (outside) shall give Yellow (inside) room Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Starting Area Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow? Blue is an obstruction because both Yellow (windward) and Green (same tack, clear astern)are required to keep clear; but not a continuing obstruction (definition Obstruction). When Green overlaps Yellow and gains right of way she must give Yellow room to keep clear (rule 15). Yellow must keep clear and give Green room to pass between her and Blue if she is able to when the overlap begins (rules 11 and 19.2(b)). Under the 2009-12 rules – Definition of Obstruction has changed. A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing obstruction. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Start Prior to the starting signal, the boats are approaching the line to start. What is happening? What rules apply? Who has rights? Preamble to Section C – Section C rules (18, 19, & 20) do not apply at a starting mark surrounded by navigable water when boats are approaching to start. Rules 11 & 16 - See next slide. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Start – “Barging” Before the Starting Signal Section C Preamble – Section C rules (18, 19, & 20) do not apply at a starting mark surrounded by navigable water when approaching to start. Rule 11 – On the Same Tack, Overlapped Windward boat shall keep clear of a leeward boat Rule 16 – Changing Course 16.1 Shall give room to keep clear The blue boat must shut the door before Yellow gets her bow stuck in to leeward of the committee boat. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Start – “Barging” “Barging” can also apply at the pin-end of the starting line. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Rule 17 at Starting Line What about after the starting signal? How was overlap established? Is there a Rule 17 proper course limitation on the leeward boat? Before the starting signal Blue has no proper course, but after the starting signal she does. Start with diagram, get audience to identify at each position who is right of way? what limits apply? what are transition points? what facts need to be found? After discussion, bring up text, do it agree with discussion? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The rules that apply change as the situation changes. The Start The rules that apply change as the situation changes. Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course Blue (leeward) did not establish the overlap from clear astern. Blue is not bound by Rule 17 and may sail above her proper course. Rule 11 – On the Same Tack, Overlapped Yellow (windward) shall keeps clear Rule16 – Changing Course Blue (RoW) shall give room to keep clear Rule 12 – On the Same Tack, Not Overlapped Yellow (clear astern) shall keeps clear Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The rules that apply change as the situation changes. The Start The rules that apply change as the situation changes. Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course Blue (leeward) shall not sail above her proper course. Before the starting signal she has no proper course, but after the starting signal she does. Rule 11 – On the Same Tack, Overlapped Yellow (windward) shall keeps clear Rule16 – Changing Course Blue (RoW) shall give room to keep clear Rule 12 – On the Same Tack, Not Overlapped Blue (clear astern) shall keeps clear Rule 15 – Acquiring Right of Way Blue (RoW) shall initially give room Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

What is L’s Proper Course? The Start What is L’s Proper Course? After the starting signal, Blue (leeward) may not sail above her proper course, which, when sailing to windward, is usually close-hauled (rule17). However, in order to pass on the correct side of the starting mark, Blue’s proper course may be to momentarily luff up to head to wind (definition Proper Course). Yellow must keep clear of Blue (rule 11), but while Blue is changing course she must give Yellow room to do so (rule 16). Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Legs RRS 16.1 protects the keep-clear boat from unpredictable or last-second changes of course by the right-of-way boat, which would prevent her from keeping clear. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Legs So how close is too close? On a two lane road when wanting to pass, it depends… Are you driving a race car or a tractor? What are you passing? What’s coming in the opposite direction? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Legs So how close is too close? In sailboat racing it also depends on… Distance between boats Speed of boats Size of boats Visibility between boats Angle of convergence Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Not overlapped at the zone (3 hull lengths) Yellow must give Blue mark-room, which includes room to gybe at the mark if that is Blue’s proper course. Rule 18 applies until Blue no longer needs mark-room from Yellow. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Rule 18.3 – Tacking When Approaching a Mark Blue and Orange (port) change tack and as a result are subject to rule 13 in the zone. Yellow and Green (starboard) are fetching their mark. When port starts her tack makes no difference. Port can start her tack and even cross head to wind outside the zone. If port is subject to rule 13 inside the zone, rule 18.3 applies. In these scenarios the only way for rule 18.3 to not apply is for port to complete her tack before she enters the zone. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Rule 18.3 – Tacking When Approaching a Mark In position 4, Orange luffs above close-hauled to clear the mark. As a result of her luff, Green sails above close-hauled to avoid Orange. Orange breaks rule 18.3(a). Rule 11 – Same Tack, Overlapped Orange is leeward/inside boat. Rule 13 - While Tacking Orange passes head to wind and becomes subject to rule 13 until she reaches a close-hauled course. Rule 10 – Opposite Tacks Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Rule 18.3 – Tacking When Approaching a Mark One boat (port) changes tack and as a result is subject to rule 13 in the zone When the other (starboard) is fetching the mark Rule 18.2 does not apply and instead 18.3(a) does: Blue passes head to wind inside the zone. Yellow is fetching the mark. Blue shall not prevent Yellow from passing the mark on the required side. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Rule 18.3 – Tacking When Approaching a Mark One boat (port) changes tack in the zone When the other (starboard) is fetching the mark Rule 18.2 does not apply and instead 18.3(b) does: Blue changes her tack inside the zone. Yellow is fetching the mark. Blue shall give the Yellow mark-room to pass the mark inside her. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Windward Mark Rule 31 – Touching a Mark Rule 31 – While racing, a boat shall not touch a mark that begins, bounds, or ends the leg of the course on which she is sailing… Rule 44.1 – Blue must take a penalty by promptly sailing well clear and making one turn including one tack and one gybe. Rule 44.2 – Blue must keep clear of other boats while doing her penalty turn. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Offwind Leg Position 1: Blue is clear ahead of Yellow Position 2: If Yellow obtains an inside overlap between Blue and the shore, is she entitled to room to pass between them? Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Offwind Leg At the moment Yellow obtains the overlap, if there is enough room for Yellow to sail between Blue and the shore without any risk of touching either, Blue must give Yellow room to pass between her and shore. Blue’s obligation continues as long as Yellow has an inside overlap and they are passing the continuing obstruction. If Yellow needs more room to miss a point of land, Blue must bear off to provide that room. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course How was the overlap established? Did the leeward boat become overlapped from clear astern within two of her hull lengths of the windward boat? What is proper course? A course a boat would sail to finish as soon as possible in the absence of the other boats referred to in the rule using the term. A boat has no proper course before her starting signal. Different boats may have different proper courses at the same time. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Blue became overlapped from clear astern and then luffed above her proper course. The intent was to make it difficult for Yellow to stay ahead. In the absence of Yellow, Blue would not luff. Blue broke rule 17. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Blue became overlapped from clear astern and then sailed high to go above the slower gray boats in front of her. In the absence of Yellow, Blue would still sail high of the gray boats. Because she would do this even in the absence of Yellow, it is a legitimate proper course. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Yellow established the overlap while more than two boat lengths away from the blue boat. The yellow boat is not limited and may sail up to head to wind. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Position 1: Yellow established the overlap as in the previous slide (not 17) Position 2: The blue boat luffs hard breaking the overlap. Position 3: The blue boat bears away causing the overlap to begin again. The yellow boat does not have to give the blue boat room to keep clear under rule 15 since she gained leeward right-of-way as a result of the blue boats actions. Position 4: The yellow boat must promptly bear away to her proper course because she became overlapped from clear astern. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg Position 1: No overlap Position 2: Yellow becomes overlapped from clear astern within two boat lengths of Blue. Position 3: Yellow gybes to port. They are still overlapped because they are >90º off wind, however, rule 17 requires they remain on the same tack. Position 4: Yellow gybes back. Position 5: Yellow may luff. She is not limited by 17. However, rule 15 requires yellow to initially give the blue boat room to keep clear. Then as she changes course yellow, under rule 16.1, must give blue additional room to keep clear. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Downwind Leg In position 3, Blue bears away creating an overlap. Because Blue & Yellow are sailing > 90º off the wind, they are overlapped on opposite tacks. In position 4, Blue gybes. As soon as her boom crosses centerline Blue & Yellow are immediately overlapped on the same tack. Blue can luff to head to wind, but must give Yellow room to keep clear, under both rule 15 and rule 16.1. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Yellow (starboard) is on the opposite tack and well behind Blue (port), but Yellow has an inside overlap when Blue enters the zone. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Giving Room and Keeping Clear Green is the inside/windward boat. She does not have right of way. Rule 11 does not turn off. Blue and Yellow must give her space to sail to the mark in a seamanlike way, and then space to sail her proper course around the mark. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Giving Room and Keeping Clear Green is the inside/leeward boat. She is the right-of-way boat (rule 11). Blue and Yellow must keep clear of Green and give her mark-room. Room also includes room to gybe. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Position 1: Yellow (starboard) is the right-of-way boat. Position 2: When Blue enters the zone, she is clear ahead of Yellow. Rule 18.2 (b) now requires Yellow to give Blue mark-room. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Rule 18.4 requires an inside overlapped right-of-way boat to sail no further from the mark than needed to sail her proper course. Yellow must gybe at the mark Yellow may not luff away from the mark prior to gybing if that takes her farther from the mark than her proper course. If this is a wing mark then gybing right at the mark might be Yellow’s proper course. If this is a leeward mark then making a tactical rounding (swing wide-cut close) might be Yellow’s proper course. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Leeward Mark Green, Yellow and Blue make it obvious that Red is outside the zone. Gray is overlapped with Red. Red must give Gray room to round the mark. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Finish The preamble to Section C turns Rule 18 off at a starting mark, but it does not turn it off at a finishing mark. Rule 18.1(a) turns rule 18 off at a windward mark (including a windward finishing mark) when the two boats are coming into the mark on opposite tacks. Rule 18.2(b) requires Yellow (outside) to give Blue (inside) mark-room. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Finish A boat finishes when any part of her hull, or crew or equipment in normal position crosses the finishing line in the direction of the course from the last mark… After finishing you must clear the finishing line and marks. You are still racing until you do so. You have finished when you break the plane of the finishing line. Position 2 for both boats. You are still racing until you have “cleared the finishing line and marks”. You may clear the line in either direction (rule 28.1). What is cleared”? No longer on line at all and well clear of the marks (Appeal 26). For Blue position 3 and for Yellow at position 4. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Finish If you touch a finishing mark before clearing the finishing line, you must complete a one-turn penalty and then sail completely to the course side of the line before finishing. In this example, Blue completed her gybe (position 4) and completed her tack (position 9) then re-crossed the finishing line to finish. You can complete your one-turn penalty anywhere, but after completing one tack and one gybe you must sail completely to the course side of the line and then finish. Be sure judges know that one can sail to the course side of the finish before or during the one-turn penalty. The important thing is for the penalty to be complete before crossing the finish line the second time. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

The Finish Rule 23.1 – If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall not interfere with a boat that is racing. Interference is adversely affecting a boat’s forward motion or maneuverability. This applies to both before or after racing. Be careful where you sail; watch your wind shadow and physical presence. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Penalties Rule 44 Penalties At The Time Of An Incident When you break a Part 2 rule, you may exonerate yourself by sailing well clear of other boats as soon as possible and making two turns, including two tacks and two gybes. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association

Summary 2009 – 2012 Part 2 Rule Changes Clearer time when mark-room rule begins to apply, clearer rules for who is right-of-way and who has to give room At marks, bigger zone means rights and responsibilities are sorted out earlier, before there’s a problem Mark-room obligation applies while inside the zone and sailing to the mark, as well as when at the mark No zones around obstructions - especially important when obstruction is a right-of-way boat At an obstruction that is not a mark, if there is no room & an inside boat entitled to room can bail out, she must do so & protest, rather then forcing her way in when clearly no room has been given If someone hails for room to tack, you must tack even if you think the hail is improper. Presented by the US SAILING Judges Committee (March 2009) © 2009 US Sailing Association