DISASTER PROTECTION A KEY ELEMENT OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

A FOCUS ON THE ART AND SCIENCE OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE FROM COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION PROTECTION IS NEEDED AGAINST FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, AND EARTHQUAKES

PURPOSE: TO SHOW THAT AN “OUNCE OF PROTECTION” WILL ENSURE THAT THE CITY IS DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN HIT BY FLOODS, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, AND EARTHQUAKES

SOME NEEDS FOR PROTECTION ARE OBVIOUS

SOME NEEDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST LOSS OF FUNCTION ARE OBVIOUS SOME NEEDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST LOSS OF FUNCTION ARE OBVIOUS

SOME NEEDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST LOSS OF FUNCTION ARE OBVIOUS

HAZARDSHAZARDS VULNERABILITIES IN A COMMUNITY’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT CONTROL THE RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

PROTECTING A CITY’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT: BUILDINGS AND INFRAST RUCTURE

WHAT HISTORY TEACHES CITIES AND MEGA- CITIES EXIST BY HYDROLOGIC, ATMOSPHERIC, AND GEOLOGIC CONSENT AND MAN’S CAPACITY TO PROTECT THE BUILT ENVIRON.

DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN--- A CITY’S (COMMUNITY’S) PUBLIC POLICIES LEAVE ITS BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE … UN—PROTECTED FOR A FLOOD, SEVERE WINDSTORM, OR EARTHQUAKE

INJURIES AND DEATHS CONSEQUENCES OF LACK OF PROTEC- TION OF A CITY’S BUILT ENVIRONMENT DAMAGE AND COLLAPSE LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS RISKRISK

GLOBAL GOAL: FROM UN—PROTECTRED TO A STATE OF PROTECTION FOR ALL CITIES AND ALL NATURAL HAZARDS

FLOODS

FLOODS IN CHINA

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

PROTECTION MEASURES FOR FLOODS PURPOSE PROTECTION LAND USE CONTROL PURPOSE PROTECTION LAND USE CONTROL TECHNIQUE FLOOD CONTROL (SAND BAGS, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS) HAZARD MAPS (AVOID FLOOD- PRONE AREAS) TECHNIQUE FLOOD CONTROL (SAND BAGS, DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS) HAZARD MAPS (AVOID FLOOD- PRONE AREAS)

DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS: FLOOD PROTECTION BUILDING AND MAINTAINING DIKES, LEVEES, AND DAMS IN CONCERT WITH WETLANDS AND CATCHMENT BASINS CAN PREVENT FLOODING.

THE LEVEE SYSTEM IN QUINCY, IL: FLOOD PROTECTION THE 154-MILE- LONG LEVEE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO PROTECT BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE FROM FLOODING.

SAND BAGS ADDED PROTECION IN THE GREAT FLOOD OF JUNE 12, 2008 IN IOWA

THREE GORGES DAM, CHINA: FLOOD PROTECTION THE GREATEST ENGINEERING FEAT IN CHINA SINCE THE GREAT WALL IS FOR PROTECTION

THREE GORGES DAM: 2309 M LONG, 190 M HIGH, 15 M THICK

FLOOD PROTECTION: LONDON, ENGLAND

LAND USE REGUALTIONS PROMOTE AVOIDANCE LAND USE REGULATIONS BASED ON HAZARD MAPS CAN PREVENT CONSTRUCTION IN RIVER FLOODPLAINS

SEVERE WINDSTORMS

HISTORY SHOWS THAT RECURRING DAMAGE AND LOSS PATTERNS IN PAST SEVERE WINDSTORM DISASTERS HAVE EITHER BEEN UNRECOGNIZED OR IGNORED

HURRICANE ANDREW

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE Wind profile Storm Hazards: -Wind pressure -Surge -Rain -Flood -Waves -Salt water -Missiles -TornadoesOceanOcean Gradient Wind

SOME NEEDS FOR PROTECTION IN SEVERE WINDSTORMS ARE OBVIOUS THE ROOF SYSTEM THE BUILDING ENVELOPE WINDOWS/OPENINGS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ANCHORAGE OF CONTENTS

ROOF SYSTEM WEAKNESS ROOFS ARE LIFTED OFF BUILDINGS WHEN HIGH VELOCITY WIND IN LOW-PRESSURE STORM SYSTEMS GET INSIDE A BUILDINGS.

WIND LIFTS ROOFS

EXAMPLE: WIND DAMAGE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WEAKNESS THE FLAWS IN WIND ENGINEERING ARE LEAD TO BUILDING COLLAPSES IN A SEVERE WINDSTORM.

WINDOWS OPENINGS NEED PROTECTION IN SEVERE WINDSTORMS ALMOST ALL THE WINDOWS POPPED OUT IN DOWNTOWN HOUSTON BUILDINGS DURING HURRICANE IKE.

EARTHQUAKES

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ) MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

SICHUAN, CHINA: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

HAITI: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

CHINA: DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.

NATURAL HAZARDS MODELS EXPOSURE MODELS VULNERABILTY MODELS TECTONIC AND CLIMATE SETTINGS LOCATION OF STRUCTURE QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RESISTANCE TO LATERAL FORCES IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE POLITICAL PROCESS ACCEPTABLE RISK HIGH BENEFIT TO COST RATIOS EXPERIENCE AND RESEARCH DAMAGE ALDORITHMS EDUCATIONAL SURGES INSPECTION AND REGULATION TOWARDS A DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT OF RISK