Central and East European International Studies Association The 8 th Convention June 2011, Kadir Has University, Istanbul Russia and China: ‘Post-Westphalian’ Foreign Policy Choices in a Comparative Perspective Igor Tomashov Higher School of Economics, Moscow Moscow – Istanbul, 2011

The Post-Liberal World 2000s: The crisis of liberalism and global governance Russia and China: Authoritarian capitalism as a rival to liberal democracy Not Westphalian, yet not Post-Westphalian international environment How Russia and China shape the world and how they are shaped by the world?

Methodology Approach to the present-day international order: Status-Quo or Revisionism? Methods of decision-making: Ideology or Pragmatism? Use of instruments of power: ‘Soft Power’ or ‘Hard Power’? Understanding of international relations: Sovereignty or Interdependence?

Status-Quo or Revisionism? Russia – : Turning point in international strategy – Nostalgic and defensive revisionism China – Tend to adopt more and more assertive stance, but not radically change the world order – No reason to be a revisionist power, as status-quo is in many ways advantageous for it

Ideology or Pragmatism? Russia – Pragmatic foreign policy after the end of the Cold war – From ‘damage limitation’ to ‘down-to-earth macho position’ (Arbatov) – Pragmatism as ideology China – Deng Xiaoping’s seminal pragmatism – ‘Pragmatism first’, but also remain adherent to communist ideology at the official level

‘Soft Power’ or ‘Hard Power’? Russia – Deep ‘hard power’ tradition – Russian-Georgian War of 2008 and other demonstrative actions – No balanced approach to ‘hard power’ and ‘soft power’ – ‘Sovereign democracy’ is a home-grown concept, and has little export potential China – Invests both in ‘hard power’ and ‘soft power’

Sovereignty or Interdependence? Russia – Benefits from interdependence and strengthens its sovereignty – Favors multi-polarity – interdependence of sovereign actors – Ideological approach to sovereignty China – Stalls between the need to respect sovereignty and embededness into an interdependent world – Pragmatic approach to sovereignty

Conclusion RUSSIACHINA Status-Quo or Revisionism?Revisionism (nostalgic)Status quo Ideology or Pragmatism?Pragmatism (opportunistic)Pragmatism ‘Hard Power’ or ‘Soft Power’? Hard PowerHard + Soft Power Sovereignty or Interdependence? Sovereignty Foreign Policy ConsistencyAdhocism, opportunismBalanced and strategic Foreign Policy OutlookForeign policy by defaultForeign policy by design

POST-WESTERN WORLD?