QED Disinfection of Drinking Water in China Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China

Introduction Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China China’s massive population poses difficult environmental challenges for 1.2 billion people. Water pollution is among the most pressing issues (Natl Acad Scie 2007). Over 3.5 million tons of sewage waste per day requires extensive treatment facilities. Perhaps half of all Chinese — 600 million people — by drinking water that is contaminated by human waste are subjected to waterborne pathogens 1

Disinfection Methods Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Water purifiers reduce diarrheal diseases by 30–40%. But fewer than 5% of Chinese homes have purifiers, despite costing around 2,000 renminbi. Water purifiers require electricity for pumping through filters coated with silver NPs. NP stands for nanoparticle. Silver NPs provide antimicrobial action by damaging the DNA of bacteria, but NPs that come off the filter and enter the body also damage human DNA that if not repaired, may lead to cancer.

UV Disinfection Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China UV disinfection of drinking water outside the body avoids the danger of cancer posed by NPs in filters. Currently, LEDs in the UV-C are thought to provide future disinfection of drinking water. Just irradiate drinking water with UV-C LEDs stand for light emitting diodes. But LEDs still require a source of electrical power.

Boiling Water Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China In China, water is disinfected by boiling Even if water becomes drinkable, few people will stop boiling drinking water - a habit in China. Boiling kills or deactivates all waterborne patho­gens, including protozoan cysts that can be resistant to chemical disinfection including viruses too small to filter out. Even if the water is tur­bid, boiling can remove volatile organic compounds such as benzene and chloroform. But electricity to boil water is not always available What can be done?

Proposal QED induced EM radiation from body heat in a hand-held nano- coated aluminum bowl provides the UV- C to inexpensively disinfect water without electricity. Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 3 QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic. UV-C = UV at 254 nm Drinking Bowl

Operating Principle QED converts body heat from the hand holding the bowl to UV-C radiation because the temperature of the nano- coating cannot increase by QM. QM = Quantum Mechanics Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 4

Nano Coating Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Heat transfer - 3 modes: Conduction, Radiation, Convection By applying a nano coating to a surface, natural convection is avoided with conservation proceeding as QED induces conversion of body heat into EM radiation instead of the usual temperature increase Suggests: QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer? 5

4 th Mode of Heat Transfer Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Nano Coating conserves body heat without temperature increase as QED radiation bypasses natural convection to enhance heat transfer Body heat Macro Coating Temperature increase Natural convection QED Radiation Nano Coating < 100 nm Substrate 6 No temperature increase

Theory Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Heat Capacity of the Atom Conservation of Energy TIR Confinement Refractive Index 7

Heat Capacity of the Atom 8 kT eV Classical Physics (MD, Comsol) Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China kT eV Classical Physics (MD, Comsol) QM (kT = 0) In nano coatings, the atom has no heat capacity by QM

Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Conservation of Energy How does EM conservation proceed? Proposal Absorbed EM energy is conserved by creating QED radiation inside the nano coating - by frequency up - conversion to its TIR resonance TIR = Total Internal Reflection 9

Nano coatings have high surface to volume ratio  Absorbed EM energy concentrated in the coating surfaces temporarily traps itself to form the TIR confinement QED converts the trapped EM energy to standing wave QED radiation that escapes the coating f = ( c/n) / / 2 = d E = h f TIR Confinement 9 Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Heat QED Radiation QED Radiation Body Surroundings Coating 2d =

Application Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Analysis Coating Selection Body Heat Disinfection Dosage 12

Analysis Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 13 For ZnO (n = 2.4), UV-C requires thickness about 50 nm

Coating Selection Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Initially, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on aluminum (n = 1) bowl. Now, ZnO coating (n = 2.5) on stainless steel (n = 1.4) bowl. But what about zinc toxicity? Currently, Al 2 O 3 ( n = 1.42) by anodizing the aluminum (n = 1) bowl requires 90 nm thickness to produce UV-C Avoids toxicity as anodized surface may be sealed However, leaching of Zn into drinking water is not toxic and instead is beneficial to humans suggests ZnO is the optimum bowl coating 14

Response Time Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 12

Body Heat - Upper Bound Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China Body at 32 C and ambient at 20 C gives  T = 12 C For body heat Q = 6 mW/cm 2,  T = Q t / K For aluminum and stainless steel, K = 1.5 and 0.14 W/cm-K gives  T = and C << 12 C ? Body heat Q >> 6 mW/cm 2 because temperature difference controls Q 13

Disinfection Dosage Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China The US HEW guidelines for UV-C light disinfection require a minimum dose of 16 mJ/cm 2, but recently the National Sanitation Foundation International set 38 mJ/cm 2 For body heat Q = 5.71 mW/cm 2, the water must be held in the bowl for 7 seconds Recommendation: Hold water in bowl for 10 seconds giving a dosage of 60 mJ/cm 2 18

Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 15 Body heat for 10 seconds > 60 mJ/cm 2 Disinfects: All Bacteria / Yeast and Most Spores / Virus

Collaboration Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China The applications of QED induced UV-C radiation in the disinfection of infectious diseases are numerous and diverse, the development of which is beyond the capability of the author. Collaboration with interested parties is solicited. 21

Questions & Papers Inter. Conf. on Water Resource and Environment (WRE 2015) July 25-28, Beijing, China 22