HEMISPHERES, SENSORY AND MOTOR CORTEXES, SPLIT BRAIN, PLASTICITY, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 2

Motor Cortex  Motor Cortex – An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements  Sends messages from brain to body  Right Motor Cortex controls movement of left side of the body  Page 77

Motor Cortex

Motor Strip Dominance For each of the following answer left, right, or both. 1.With which hand do you write? 2.With which hand do you throw a ball? 3.Which hand do you use to hold scissors? 4. When holding a baseball bat, which hand is on top? 5.Which hand deals out playing cards?

Motor Strip Dominance 6.When you cross your arms, which arm is usually on top? 7.When you cross your leg, which leg is usually on top? 8. When putting on a pair of pants, which leg goes into the pants first? 9. When putting on a jacket or sweater, which arm goes into the sleeve first? 10.Which hand is on top when you clap?  High number of right answers means that you are left strip dominant.

Sensory Cortex  Sensory Cortex – An area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations.  Receives messages from the body to the brain  Right Sensory Cortex receives sensory information from the left side of the body  Parts of the sensory cortex receive senses from various body parts – the more sensitive, the more cortex area devoted to it.

Sensory Cortex

Phantom Limb  Phantom Limb – feeling sensations or movements coming from a limb that has been amputated.  Ex. when touching the face of someone whose fingers have been amputated, the person also reports a sensation in their nonexistent fingers.  WHY? Sensations may come from a body image stored in the brain

 Re: p nd paragraph Line 9  Phantom Limb Video (till last1:00) Phantom Limb Video

Brain Plasticity  Plasticity – the brains capacity for modification  Neural tissue can reorganize as a response to damage  Ex. Morgan Madson and Volleyball  Ex. Child has a right hemispherectomy, now the functions of the left brain have made new connections to perform tasks the right brain use to perform. Picture on p Brain Plasticity - the story of Jody- Brain Plasticity - the story of Jody  Girl Living With Half Her Brain Girl Living With Half Her Brain  Children have more plasticity than adults

Association Areas  Association Areas- Any area of the cerebral cortex that does not control muscle movements or receive sensory information – Rather, these areas involve higher mental functions (learning, remembering, speaking, and thinking)

Association Areas

 Aphasia – impaired use of language. RE: p81  Broca’s Area – speech production Damage to this area may disable muscle movements needed for speech Broca's aphasia - Sarah Scott - teenage stroke MNEMONIC :BROKEN CD PLAYER NO LONGER PRODUCES SOUND  Wernicke’s Area – language comprehension Damage to this area may disable one’s ability to understand language  Wernicke's and Broca's Aphasia Wernicke's and Broca's Aphasia

Hemispheres of the Brain  Contralateral Control – left hemisphere controls right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.  2 Students complete CD ROM Activity while class completes Hemispheric Dominance Inventory

Hemispheres of the Brain  Left Hemisphere  Receives sensory messages and controls motor functions of the right half of the body  Research indicates the left hemisphere is more active during logic and sequential tasks and language

Hemispheres of the Brain  Right Hemisphere  Receives sensory messages and controls motor functions of the left half of the body  Research indicates the right hemisphere is more active during spatial and creative tasks, art and music  are you left brained or right are you left brained or right  RSA Animate - The Divided Brain RSA Animate - The Divided Brain  CD ROM Hemispheric Specialization

Split Brain  Split brain – condition in which the corpus collosum is severed.  Purpose is to reduce seizures in patients with uncontrollable epilepsy  Roger Sperry – architect in split brain surgery. (Began by splitting the brains of cats and monkeys and found no serious effects)  Split brain patients have “two separate minds” – in textbook, pg. 85 – Severed Corpus Callosum (ctshad) Severed Corpus Callosum  Stop at phone..left does not see it…right does..cannot say it but can write it with left hand.  Psychquest demo on splitbrain CD ROM Activity with word flashing

Endocrine System  Endocrine System – The body’s “slow” communication system. This system is made up of numerous glands that secrete various chemicals, called hormones, throughout the body. These hormones affect organs, muscles and other glands in the body  The Endocrine System: How it Works The Endocrine System: How it Works  Endocrine System (:35) Endocrine System

 Hypothalamus – control center of the endocrine system. (specifically controls the adrenal glands)  Types of Glands  Pituitary Glands (aka “master gland”)– a pea sized structure located at the base of the brain. The pituitary glands regulate and control other glands. Releases growth hormone.  Adrenal Glands – produce adrenaline (also called epinephrine), regulates the heart rate and blood pressure. Helps trigger the fight or flight response.

Endocrine System  Pancreas – regulates levels of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin  Thyroid – located in the neck, this gland regulates metabolism  Ovaries – produce female sex hormones – estrogen  Testes – produce male sex hormones – testosterone

Neuroscience review Psychology Rap If Time, Brain worksheet