1. The Nervous System

2. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central N.S.
(brain and
spinal cord)
Nervous
system
Autonomic N.S.
(controls
self-regulated action of
internal organs and glands like
The heart and lungs)
Somatic N.S.
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic N.S.
(arousing)
Parasympathetic N.S.
(calming)
Peripheral N.S.
“peripheral” just means on the outside, or NOT central…like your “peripheral vision”
..remember how “soma” means body?

3. Automatic Actions=Are Simple Reflexes
Reflex: a simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus. Spinal cord in charge and brain NOT involved.

4. The Brain

5. Regions of the Brain Hindbrain: medulla pons reticular formation
cerebellum

6. The Hindbrain
Brainstem: lower base - connects the spinal cord to the brain - oldest part of the brain - responsible for automatic survival functions.
Medulla: controls heartbeat and breathing

7. The Hindbrain
Cerebellum: responsible for balance and movement - the “little brain” - attached to the rear of the brainstem.
Pons: connects the lower and mid brain regions - regulates brain during sleep and dreaming.
Reticular Formation: helps control arousal.

8. Regions of the Brain
Midbrain: contains clusters of nerve cells.

9. Regions of the Brain
Forebrain: most important part of the brain -consists of: thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex (which contains the lobes of the brain.)

10. The Forebrain
Thalamus: the “sensory switchboard,” or “the relay station.” All auditory (hearing), visual, taste, and touch signals pass through it --> it relays signals to the appropriate part of the brain.

11. The Forebrain
The Limbic System: system plays a major role in controlling emotion and drives (sex, hunger, etc.)

12. The Limbic System Hippocampus: involved in the formation of memories.
Hypothalamus: involved in a variety of drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sex. Pleasure/reward center. Controls the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland: controlled by the hypothalamus - regulates growth - regulates other glands in the endocrine system. The “master gland.”
Amygdala: neural clusters linked to emotions like aggression and fear.

13. The Limbic System
Match the picture with the part of the limbic system that is related to it.
amygdala
hypothalamus
hippocampus
pituitary gland

14. The Limbic System’s “Reward Center”

15. The Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Cortex: is the brain’s ultimate control and information processing center; contains all the interconnected neural cells that cover cerebral hemispheres. Contains lobes.

16. The Lobes
Frontal Lobe: involved in speaking and muscle movements along with making plans and judgments. Includes the motor cortex: controls voluntary movements.
Parietal Lobe: includes the somatosensory cortex which allows you to register and process body sensations (sense of touch).

18. Frontal Lobe and Phineus Gage
How did Gage’s accident affect him?

20. The Lobes
Occipital Lobe: includes the visual areas involved in seeing.
Temporal Lobe: includes the auditory areas which are involved in hearing.

21. Association Areas: areas of cerebral cortex not involved in motor or sensory processes. Makes up largest portion of cortex which is involved in higher mental functions such as learning, memory, thinking, and speaking.

23. Cerebral Cortex and Language
Aphasia: impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere to the brain either in Broca’s or Wernicke’s area:
Broca’s Area: an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s Area: an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension Wernicke's Aphasia

24. Brain Reorganization
Plasticity: the brain’s capacity for modification as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development brain plasticity

25. Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior
KEY NAMES
Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior

26. key name
Paul BROCA
Discovered that a structure in the left frontal lobe controls language production.
This structure is now known as “Broca’s”

27. key name
Carl WERNICKE
Discovered that a structure in the left temporal lobe controls language comprehension.
This structure is now known as “Wernicke’s”

28. key name
Roger SPERRY
1981 Nobel Prize Winner (medicine) for split-brain research

29. Michael Gazzaniga Worked under Roger Sperry
key name
Michael Gazzaniga
1939-Present
Worked under Roger Sperry
made important advances in our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another

30. The Divided Brain
Corpus Callosum: large bundle of neural fibers that allows the two sides of the brain to communicate. Carries messages between the two hemispheres.
Cutting it leads to split brains. L

31. Split Brain Illustrates Left Brain Used For Language and Right Used For Spatial and Non-Linguistic Functions

32. Right and Left Brain Functions
Cerebral dominance refers to these tendencies for each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions, such as language (left) or perception of spatial relationships (right). Split Brain Movie

33. Specialization of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Spontaneous speaking and writing
Repetitive but not spontaneous speaking
Responses to complex commands
Responses to simple commands
Word recognition
Facial recognition
Memory for words and numbers
Memory for shapes and music
Sequences of movements
Spatial interpretation
Emotional responsiveness
Feelings of anxiety
Positive emotion
Negative emotion

34. The Body’s Other Communication Network (Slower)
The Endocrine System: the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; secretes hormones into bloodstream.

35. Endocrine System Components
Hormones: cousins of neurotransmitters; chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
Adrenal Glands: endocrine glands above the kidneys that secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.