1. Table of Contents Chapter 3 Part 2 The Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Table of Contents

3. Studying the Brain: Research Methods Electroencephalography (EEG) Damage studies/lesioning Electrical stimulation (ESB) Transcortical Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Brain imaging – –computerized tomography – CT –positron emission tomography - PET –magnetic resonance imaging – MRI –functional magnetic resonance imaging – fMRI

4. Table of Contents Figure 3-10 – Electroencephalography (EEG)

5. Table of Contents XXX 3.13

6. Table of Contents Figure 3.14 – PET scan Figure 3.15 – MRI and fMRI scans

7. Table of Contents Positron Emission Tomography – PET scan

8. Table of Contents Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI

9. Table of Contents Functional MRI images showing reduced activation of language areas during a linguistic task in patients with schizophrenia

10. Table of Contents Functional MRI images

11. Table of Contents Brain Regions and Functions Hindbrain – vital functions – medulla, pons, and cerebellum Midbrain – sensory functions – dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system Forebrain – emotion, complex thought – thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

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13. The Cerebrum: Two Hemispheres, Four Lobes Cerebral Hemispheres – two specialized halves connected by the corpus collosum –Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing, sequential –Right hemisphere – nonverbal processing: spatial, musical, visual recognition, parallel Four Lobes: –Occipital – vision –Parietal – somatosensory – phantom limb - V. S. Ramachandran - Phantoms in the Brain –Temporal - auditory –Frontal – movement, executive control systems Primary functions and associated functions –Language – Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas – loss of language – aphasia

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15. Figure 3.19 – The cerebral cortex in humans

16. Table of Contents Figure 3.20 – Primary motor cortex with homunculus

17. Table of Contents Mirror Neurons An area just forward of the primary motor cortex is where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. –May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, the imitation of others, the ability to feel empathy for others, and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the social deficits seen in autistic disorders.

18. Table of Contents The Plasticity of the Brain The brain is more “plastic” or malleable than widely assumed –Aspects of experience can sculpt features of brain structure –Damage to incoming sensory pathways or tissue can lead to neural reorganization Jill Bolte Taylor, Ph.D. – My Stroke of Insight – a neuroscientist story of her stroke and recovery Adult brain can generate new neurons – neurogenesis

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20. Figure 3.22 – Visual input with split-brain – Roger Sperry and others Figure 3.23 – Split-brain research