The Scientific Revolution Unit Two/Ch. 16 AP European History Ms. Tully - UHS The Scientific Revolution

II. Advances in Medicine & Chemistry Focus Question What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine?

Dominance of Galen 2nd C Greek physician Theory of two different blood systems Doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile

Paracelsus (1493-1541) Swiss scientists – lone ranger in medicine Rejected work of Aristotle & Galen Macrocosm-Microcosm theory Disease caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs Disease treatment – “like cures like” Father of modern medicine

Vesalius (1514-1564) MD from University of Padua 1536  Professor of surgery Emphasis on practical research to understand human body On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543

William Harvey (1578-1657) MD from University of Padua in 1602 On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, 1628 Heart starting point for circulation, blood flows in veins & arteries

Chemistry Robert Boyle (1626- 1691) – matter is composed of atoms Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – system for naming chemical elements

III. Women in the Origins of Modern Science Focus Question: What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?

Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) Prominent female scientist of 17th C Excluded from Royal Society Active & critical participant Example of French or English woman in science

Maria Merian (1647-1717) Tradition of female craft production  scientific participation Reputation as important entomologist in 18th C 1699  Merian went to South America to study bugs

Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) Famous German female astronomer Married Gottfried Kirch  leading astronomer Faced typical obstacles in career

Debate on the Nature of Women Querelles des femmes – arguments about women Medieval males opinions Early modern female arguments  women were rational, education beneficial Science used to support old stereotypical views Labor & birth transferred from midwives to men Distribution of misogynistic/scientific literature perpetuated attitudes against women

IV. Descartes & Rationalism Read Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind on p. 504-505 What is Cartesian dualism, and what were its social implications? Why is Descartes considered the “founder of modern rationalism”? Read The Father of Modern Rationalism on p. 505 & answer the prompt at the end. This will go directly into Section #3: Classwork/Homework !!

V. The Scientific Method & the Spread of Scientific Knowledge Focus Question: How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Scientific method built on inductive principles Organized experiments, systematic observations  Empiricism Wanted to contribute to “mechanical arts”

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Emphasize deduction and mathematical logic  Discourse on Method Newton synthesized Bacon’s empiricism & Descartes’ rationalism into one method

Scientific Societies English Royal Society – 1640s French Academy of Sciences – 1650s Both societies practical value of scientific research  primary focus on mechanics & astronomy German princes & cities sponsored small scale societies Spread of scientific journals

Science and Society How did science become such an integral part of Western culture in the 17th & 18th centuries? Merchants & gentry attracted to science b/c it could exploit resources for profit Political interests in scientific conception of natural world to create social stability Leaders supported scientific revolution for military advancement

Science and Religion Theology the final measure Dichotomy between science & religion  growing secularization Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) Blaise Pascal (1623- 1662)