Go to Section: Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? Have you ever eaten mushrooms? Perhaps you have seen them growing from the ground in a forest or yard. Perhaps you have seen them for sale in a supermarket. Section 21-1 Interest Grabber 1.What are some things that you know about mushrooms? 2.Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer.

Go to Section: 21–1The Kingdom Fungi A.What Are Fungi? B.Structure and Function of Fungi C.Reproduction in Fungi D.How Fungi Spread Section 21-1 Section Outline

Go to Section: Hyphae Without Cross Walls Nuclei Cell wall Nuclei Cytoplasm Cross wall Cell wall Cytoplasm Hyphae With Cross Walls Section 21-1 Hyphae Structure

Go to Section: Mycelium Fruiting body Hyphae Section 21-1 Figure 21-2 The Structure of a Mushroom

Go to Section: Fungi and You Believe it or not, fungi play an important role in your life. The bread you eat, the salad you make, and the medicine that you take when you are sick may include various types of fungi. Section 21-2 Interest Grabber 1.List as many examples of fungi that you can. 2.How are fungi helpful to humans? 3.How are fungi harmful to humans?

Go to Section: 21–2 Classification of Fungi A.The Common Molds 1.Structure and Function of Bread Mold 2.Life Cycle of Molds B.The Sac Fungi 1.Life Cycle of Sac Fungi 2.Yeasts C.The Club Fungi 1.Life Cycle of Club Fungi 2.Diversity of Club Fungi 3.Edible and Inedible Mushrooms D.The Imperfect Fungi Section 21-2 Section Outline

Go to Section: Concept Map are divided into the phyla includes Section 21-2 Fungi Common molds Imperfect fungi Sac fungi Club fungi AscomycotaZygomycotaBasidiomycota Deuteromycota

Go to Section: FERTILIZATION Diploid Haploid MEIOSIS Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Zygospore (2N) Spores (N) Sporangium Zygospore (2N) + Mating type (N) Stolons Rhizoids - Mating type (N) Spores (N) Sporangiophore Sporangium Gametangia Section 21-2 Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus

Go to Section: FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS HYPHAE FUSE Diploid Haploid Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Section 21-2 Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Hypha (N) Conidiophore Conidia (N) + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) 8 Ascospores (N) Ascus Zygote (2N) Ascus (N + N) Fruiting body (N + N) Hyphae (N + N) Gametangia Asci Hyphae (N)

Go to Section: FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS HYPHAE FUSE Fruiting body (N + N) Button Secondary mycelium (N + N) Primary mycelium (N) + Mating type (N) - Mating type (N) Basidiospores (N) Zygote (2N) Basidia (N + N) Gills lined with basidia Gills Stalk Base Cap Haploid Diploid Section 21-2 Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete

Go to Section: Which Fungi Are They? You may recall that decomposers break down the remains of other organisms. Parasites are organisms that harm other organisms while living on or within them. Some live in close contact and form a mutually beneficial association with other species. Section 21-3 Interest Grabber

Go to Section: 1.A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. 2.Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. 3.Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood. Section 21-3 Interest Grabber continued Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species.

Go to Section: 21–3Ecology of Fungi A.All Fungi Are Heterotrophs B.Fungi as Decomposers C.Fungi as Parasites 1.Plant Diseases 2.Human Diseases 3.Other Animal Diseases D.Symbiotic Relationships 1.Lichens 2.Mycorrhizae Section 21-3 Section Outline

Go to Section: Densely packed hyphae Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria Loosely packed hyphae Densely packed hyphae Section 21-3 Lichen Structure

Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video Fungi

Internet Go Online Interactive test Articles on fungi For links on fungi go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn For links on asexual reproduction, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn

Section 1 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1.What are some things that you know about mushrooms? Possible answers: Mushrooms grow from the soil in dark, damp places. They are eaten by animals, including people. They are soft. 2.Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer. Students will likely say that mushrooms should be classified as something other than plants or animals. Possible reasons: Mushrooms grow in soil, as plants do, but they aren’t green. Mushrooms aren’t animals because they don’t move from place to place as animals do.

Section 2 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 1.List as many examples of fungi that you can. Mushrooms, mold, yeast, mildew, truffles 2.How are fungi helpful to humans? They are sources of food and are used in making bread, wine, and medicines. 3.How are fungi harmful to humans? Some are poisonous and can cause illness or death.

Section 3 Answers Interest Grabber Answers Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species. 1.A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water. Organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species 2.Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels. Parasites 3.Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood. Decomposers

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