Ethics and Leadership

Outline Moral Development Moral Development Freudian Theory Freudian Theory Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s Levels Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s Levels Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory

Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud: Three part construction of personality Sigmund Freud: Three part construction of personality Id Id Home of primitive animalistic energy and subconscious drives such as hunger and sex. Home of primitive animalistic energy and subconscious drives such as hunger and sex. Ego Ego The conscious, rational aspect of personality which mediates between the demands of the id and the behavioral expectations of the world. The ego exercises reason and sanity, evaluates consequences, and determines a course of action. The conscious, rational aspect of personality which mediates between the demands of the id and the behavioral expectations of the world. The ego exercises reason and sanity, evaluates consequences, and determines a course of action. Superego Superego Develops between ages 3-5 – one’s conscience. An internalized sense of morality learned from one’s parents. Yields guilt when disobeyed. Develops between ages 3-5 – one’s conscience. An internalized sense of morality learned from one’s parents. Yields guilt when disobeyed.

Critical Assessment of Freudian Theory On what evidence is Freudian theory based? On what evidence is Freudian theory based? Freud’s experience was largely limited to troubled, wealthy women. He never worked with children. Freud’s experience was largely limited to troubled, wealthy women. He never worked with children. There is no empirical evidence supporting many of his theoretical constructs There is no empirical evidence supporting many of his theoretical constructs Lacking empirical verification, many of his theories are not clearly defined or explained. Lacking empirical verification, many of his theories are not clearly defined or explained.

Kohlberg’s Levels Kohlberg’s theory has 3 levels (6 stages) of moral developmentKohlberg’s theory has 3 levels (6 stages) of moral development Focuses primarily on moral values such as fairness, justice, equity, and human dignity Focuses primarily on moral values such as fairness, justice, equity, and human dignity Assessing development level Assessing development level Heinz dilemma Heinz dilemma It is the reasoning of their responses, not the answer itself. It is the reasoning of their responses, not the answer itself.

Heinz’s Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that? In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?

Kohlberg’s Levels Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Postconventional level Conventional level Preconventional level

Kohlbergs Theory Level I: Preconventional Level I: Preconventional Morality externally controlled- Morality externally controlled- punishment = bad reward=good Stage I: Punishment and obedience orientation…. Stage I: Punishment and obedience orientation…. obey due to superior power and rules obey due to superior power and rules Fear of authority and avoid punishment Fear of authority and avoid punishment Ignore peoples intentions –can not see two points of view Ignore peoples intentions –can not see two points of view

Level I Kohlberg Stage II: Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and exchange… Stage II: Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and exchange… Immediate interest; what is good brings good results Immediate interest; what is good brings good results Reciprocity beginning—equal exchange of favors Reciprocity beginning—equal exchange of favors Start to understand that people can have different perspectives in a dilemma Start to understand that people can have different perspectives in a dilemma

Kohlberg’s Theory Level II-Conventional Morality Level II-Conventional Morality Preserving societal order---sustaining relationships Preserving societal order---sustaining relationships STAGE 3: Interpersonal Expectations and Conformity STAGE 3: Interpersonal Expectations and Conformity “good boy/bad girl” maintain affection and approval of significant individuals “good boy/bad girl” maintain affection and approval of significant individuals Promotion of social harmony Promotion of social harmony Begin to understand idea behind the golden rule—ideal reciprocity Begin to understand idea behind the golden rule—ideal reciprocity

Level II Kohlberg STAGE 4: Social-order Maintenance STAGE 4: Social-order Maintenance Moral actions are defined by larger social groups—fulfill self- defined duties and uphold laws Moral actions are defined by larger social groups—fulfill self- defined duties and uphold laws Societal laws taken into consideration and can not be broken for any reason Societal laws taken into consideration and can not be broken for any reason

Kohlberg’s Theory Level III: Post Conventional Morality Level III: Post Conventional Morality More abstract principles rather than rules that apply to many situations More abstract principles rather than rules that apply to many situations STAGE 5: Social Contract STAGE 5: Social Contract Imagine alternatives to social order, rules are a contract that can be changed—free and willing participation Imagine alternatives to social order, rules are a contract that can be changed—free and willing participation Laws need to be consistent with human rights Laws need to be consistent with human rights

Level III Kohlberg STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles Self-chosen ethics –system of values and principles— respect for the worth of individuals Self-chosen ethics –system of values and principles— respect for the worth of individuals Respect for worth and dignity of each individual Respect for worth and dignity of each individual

Moral Development

Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Cross-cultural validity Cross-cultural validity Non-western cultures rarely above stage 4 Non-western cultures rarely above stage 4 Socialist people and the Heinz dilemma Socialist people and the Heinz dilemma Buddhist monks Buddhist monks Family influences Family influences Family plays an important role (ignored in Kohlberg’s model) Family plays an important role (ignored in Kohlberg’s model) Study of parents talking to children about dilemmas Study of parents talking to children about dilemmas

Gender and Kohlberg’s scale When Kohlberg’s instrument was administered on a large scale, it was discovered that females often scored a full stage below their male counterparts. When Kohlberg’s instrument was administered on a large scale, it was discovered that females often scored a full stage below their male counterparts. The moral reasoning of women and girls was more likely to value looking for a solution that preserved connections. This often looked like the “good girl” orientation, Level 2. The moral reasoning of women and girls was more likely to value looking for a solution that preserved connections. This often looked like the “good girl” orientation, Level 2. Gilligan’s argument Gilligan’s argument Men: justice and fairness Men: justice and fairness Women: responsibility to show care and avoid harm Women: responsibility to show care and avoid harm

Differences between Men’s Moral Voices and Women’s Moral Voices Men Justice Justice Rights Rights Treating everyone fairly and the same Treating everyone fairly and the same Apply rules impartially to everyone Apply rules impartially to everyone Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct Women Care Responsibility Caring about everyone’s suffering Preserve emotional connectedness Responsibility toward real individuals

Differences between Men’s and Women’s View of the Self Men Autonomy Autonomy Freedom Freedom Independence Independence Separateness Separateness Hierarchy Hierarchy Rules guide interactions Rules guide interactions Roles establish places in the hierarchy Roles establish places in the hierarchy Women Relatedness Interdependence Emotional connectedness Responsiveness to needs of others Web of relationships Empathy & connectedness guide interactions Roles are secondary to connections

Gilligan

Social Learning Theory Perspective Modeling and Positive Discipline Modeling and Positive Discipline Reinforcement (positive discipline): Reinforcement (positive discipline): Our parents teach us that it is good to be helpful-- we are rewarded for helping and punished for not helping Our parents teach us that it is good to be helpful-- we are rewarded for helping and punished for not helping Model characteristics that promote imitation Model characteristics that promote imitation warmth and responsiveness warmth and responsiveness competence and power competence and power consistency between assertions and behavior consistency between assertions and behavior Positive discipline helps children acquire positive behavior Positive discipline helps children acquire positive behavior

Punishment Promotes only momentary compliance Promotes only momentary compliance Undesirable side effects: Undesirable side effects: Adult models of aggression Adult models of aggression Learn to avoid the punishing adult Learn to avoid the punishing adult Offers immediate relief to parents (reinforced for using coercive discipline), so that parent is more likely to punish with greater frequency over time (can spiral into serious abuse) Offers immediate relief to parents (reinforced for using coercive discipline), so that parent is more likely to punish with greater frequency over time (can spiral into serious abuse)

Social Learning Theory: Example The Salvation Army Santa Claus study: When a confederate walked out of a store in front of a SS and gave a dollar to Santa Claus, the SS was more likely to give a dollar himself than when there was no confederate

Social Learning Theory: Example Rushton & Campbell, 1977: SS and confederate interacted in the lab Left the study together and passed a blood donation booth 2 conditions: Confederate volunteered to give blood or not Results: Model = 67% agreed to donate--33% followed through No model = 25% agreed to donate-- 0% followed through

Discussion How do these theories of moral development relate to the study of leadership? How do these theories of moral development relate to the study of leadership? Be sure to address both the leader and the follower in your discussion Be sure to address both the leader and the follower in your discussion