Chapter 4 cells, tissues and organs

Objectives Explain the importance of cells and their function in the horse Identify the parts and organelles of cells List and describe the functions of each of the major types of specialized animal cells List the cell organelles and functions of each part Describe how specialized cells are organized to form a tissue type List and describe the six types of specialized animal tissues and their functions Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis Describe blood and its function

Cellular respiration is driven by the mitochondria in the cell Glucose converted to ATP Sugar to energy Glycolysis Energy – needed by the cell to live 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

Cell components Plasma membrane – thin membrane of fats and proteins that surround the cell Nucleus – storage of genetic material and directs the activity of the cell Ribosomes – used in protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum – important in protein production Goigt body (apparatus)- site of protein and lipid accumulation Centrioles – appear as triple tubules – used in cell division Microfilaments, microtubules, lysosomes, storage particles – cytoplasm,

Morphogenesis Organisms start as one cell – divide and replicate by mitosis. Organism develops into thousand of billions of cells Morphogenesis Not only division, but differentiation of cells for different purposes.

Mitosis

Meiosis

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Types of cells Absorptive cells Secretory cells Often found as continuous sheets – epithelial cells lining intestines, kidneys, large surface area. (figure 4-6) Secretory cells Cells that produce something to be used elsewhere – collected in Golgi bodies and released Nerve cells- transmit electrical messages throughout the body Sensory Cells – respond to stimuli by emitting electrical signals Rods in the eye Free nerve endings

Types of cells (cont’d) Muscle Cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth (Involuntary) Reproductive cells Formed at the completion of meiosis

Tissues Nerve Epithelial Muscle Connective tissue Contain large amounts of extracellular tissue Tendons Cartilage Arterial walls

Tissues (cont’d) Fluid tissue Blood Lymph Plasma Red blood cells Transport – mostly water Clotting factors Salts – muscle contraction, nerve impulses etc. Carries nutrients to and waste from the cell Red blood cells Carry oxygen White blood cells Antibodies Platelets Early clotting Lymph

Organs Group(s) of specialized tissues that perform a specific function. Examples? What types of cells?

Flowchart Cells – tissues – organs - organism