VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

Chapter 12: Personality Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 2

Lecture Overview Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd3

Trait Theories Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd4 1.Explain how early trait theorists approached the study of personality. 2.Identify the “Big Five” personality traits. 3.Summarize the major critiques of trait theory. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Trait Theories Personality: unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Traits: relatively stable personal characteristics used to describe someone Key Figures: – Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck – Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae and Costa— Five-Factor Model (FFM) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model Openness (original and open to new ideas vs. conventional and narrow in interests) Conscientiousness (responsible and organized vs. irresponsible and careless) Extroversion (sociable and talkative vs. withdrawn and quiet) Agreeableness (trusting and good-natured vs. suspicious and ruthless) Neuroticism (emotionally unstable and moody vs. emotionally stable and easygoing) 6 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Study Tip: Note the first letter of each 5 factors OCEAN

Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychology helps us understand personality and relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traits of openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd7

Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model Researchers asked over 10,000 men and women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate. They found: – high degree of agreement – five-factor traits are at the top of both lists Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8

Evaluating Trait Theories Pro: – Evolutionary, cross-cultural, and cross-species studies support five-factor model. – Five-factor model helps describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. Con: – Lacks explanation and specificity. – Ignores situational effects and rule expectations. 9 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a _____. 2.Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd11 1.Identify Freud’s most basic and controversial contributions to the study of personality. 2.Explain how Adler’s, Jung’s, and Horney’s theories differ from Freud’s views. 3.Explore the major criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theories. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic Theories: examines how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and actions Key Figures: – Founding Father—Freud – Neo-Freudians—Adler, Jung, Horney Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd12

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness Conscious: thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures Id: instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Ego: rational part of psyche (reality principle) Superego: the conscience (morality principle) 14 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures Defence mechanisms: ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality 15 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories: Sample Defence Mechanisms Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development. – Oral Stage: birth-18 months – Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs – Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs – Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty – Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd17

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones) 18 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynam ic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Adler: suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a will-to-power Jung: proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes Horney: developed concept of basic anxiety Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories Pro: – Historical credit for some Freudian concepts (e.g., defence mechanisms) – Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods Con: – Psychoanalytic concepts difficult to test – Overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces – Inadequate evidence, sexism, and lack of cross- cultural support Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness. 2.Describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages. 3.What are two examples of Jungian archetypes? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

Humanistic Theories Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd22 1.Explain the importance of the self in Rogers’ theory of personality. 2.Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs affect personality. 3.Identify three criticisms of humanistic theories. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Humanistic Theories – Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings of basic worth. – Human nature is innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self- fulfillment. Key Figures: Rogers and Maslow Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23

Humanistic Theories: Rogers’ Key Concepts Emphasis on the importance of the self. Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self- concept and life experiences. 24 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms Conditional Positive Regard: positive behaviour toward a person contingent on behaving in certain ways Unconditional Positive Regard: positive behaviour toward a person with no contingencies attached 25 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? Did this affect your childhood and/or your adult personality? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs Self-Actualization: Maslow’s belief in an inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capabilities Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd27

Evaluating Humanistic Theories Pro: – Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: – Naïve assumptions – Poor testability and inadequate evidence – Narrowness Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd28

Social – Cognitive Theories Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29 1.Explain Bandura’s concepts of self- efficacy and reciprocal determinism and how they affect personality. 2.Describe the role that Rotter’s concept of locus of control plays in personality. 3.Summarize the attractions and criticisms of the social-cognitive perspective on personality. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Social-Cognitive Theories Social Cognitive Theories – Personality reflects: Individual’s interactions with the environment How people think about the world and interpret what happens to them Key Figures: Bandura and Rotter Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd30

Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms Self-Efficacy: person’s learned belief that one is capable of producing desired results Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviours, and the environment interact to produce personality 31 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Evaluating Social- Cognitive Theories Pro: – Emphasizes how environment affects and is affected by individuals – Meets most standards for scientific research Con: – Narrow focus – Ignores unconscious and emotional aspects of personality Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences and the basic goodness of the individual. 2.Rogers thought _____ was essential to a child’s healthy personality development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33

Biological Theories Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34 1.Summarize the roles that brain structures and neurochemistry play in personality. 2.Describe how researchers study genetic influences on personality. 3.Describe how the biopsychosocial model integrates different theories of personality. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Biological Theories Three major biological contributors to personality: – Brain Structures – Neurochemistry – Genetic Factors Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35

Biological Theories: Biopsychosocial Model Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights and contribute different proportions to personality. 36 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Personality Assessment Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd37 1.Identify the major methods that psychologists use to assess personality, and explore the benefits and limitations of each. 2.Summarize the major features of objective personality tests. 3.Explain why psychologists use projective tests to assess personality. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Personality Assessment Four methods to measure personality: – Interviews – Observations – Objective Tests (MMPI) – Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd38

Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment Interviews and Observations – Pro: insights – Con: time consuming and expensive Projective Tests – Pro: insights – Con: low reliability and validity Objective Tests – Pro: standardized information – Con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, and inappropriate use Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39

Multimedia Centre for Psychology Resources Personality The Personality Project Personality and Individual Differences Online Psychological and Personality Tests Please enjoy our Online Psychological and Personality Tests and Quizzes links, as well as our guide to Books with Psychological Tests. Included in our site, you will also find information relevant to Psychology, IQ and Vocational Testing, and Psychological Assessment in general. Trait Theory of Personality The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. Personality Synopsis Personality Factors Description of Five Factor Model The five factor model of personality focuses upon those behaviors that you express while dealing with people, changing circumstances and your environment. Face Perception 1 Find out whether your ideal partner is an extrovert or an introvert. The Id, Ego and Superego The Structural Model of Personality Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development According to Sigmund Freud, personality is mostly established by the age of five. Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. Defense Mechanism Because of anxiety provoking demands created by the id, superego and reality, the ego has developed a number of defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd40 Web Links

Multimedia Centre for Psychology Resources Personality Feeling Good and Grades When it comes to education, which comes first, the chicken or the egg? As this ScienCentral News video reports, education researchers are questioning whether high self-esteem brings academic success or the other way around. Everybody’s Above Average If you think you need to make a new year's resolution to better yourself, odds are you're right. As this ScienCentral News video explains, psychologists who study how we rate ourselves say we consistently over-rate ourselves. Sports Esteem With the Superbowl on the horizon, fans of teams still in the hunt are sure to let you know who they're behind. You might call that gloating, but as this ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists have a different word for it, and say it has a deeper meaning than just a love of sports. Various Theories Albert Bandura’s Personality Theory Personality Synopsis Biological Theory: An Introduction Introduction to Biological & Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality One of the main criticisms of most Western personality theories is that they fall prey to Descartes' mind-body dualism, and treat personality and almost exclusively psychological. Testing and Assessment APA responds to a large number of testing questions each day, ranging from "What guidelines or standards govern testing and assessment?" to "What is APA's stand or viewpoint on a particular testing issue?“ Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd41 Web Links

Multimedia Projective Personality Tests Measure Your Sub- Consciousness The projective personality tests claim to measures your underlying personality traits, fears, anxieties and attitudes. Human Metrics Jung Typology Test Using the MBTI & Myers Briggs Personality Types Are you interested learning more about the various applications of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ® personality type concepts, the MBTI ® instrument, and the psychological type framework of Carl Jung to personal & career development, leadership, teamwork, team building, workplace diversity and business management? Personality Test We all see and act with the world around us in different patterns. This quiz will help you understand your inner self: why you behave or make decisions in certain ways. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd42 Web Links

Multimedia Dog Personality (1:31) Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral News video reports, according to one psychologist, personality testing is going to the dogs. Shy Brains (1: 32) Some of us would never go up and talk to strangers at a party, while others may prefer to work the room. As this ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists could see the signature of shyness imprinted in the brain, from toddlers to twenty-year- olds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43 Videos

Multimedia Freud’s Defense Mechanisms Have you ever found yourself trying to alleviate internal anxiety by denying something you know is true? Or have you ever justified an unacceptable behaviour by saying something like “Everyone else is doing it”? If you are like most people, chances are that you have. These are examples of what psychologists call defense mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44 Animations

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