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Chapter Thirteen
Personality
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Personality
Unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
Dog Personality
Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral News video reports, according to one psychologist, personality testing is going to the dogs.
WILEY VIDEO
Dog Personality
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Trait theories
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Early Trait Theorists
Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck Trait Relatively stable personal characteristic that can be used to describe someone Factor Analysis Statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data; used by Cattell and Eysenck
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Cattell’s 16 Traits
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6. Five-Factor Model (FFM): Five Basic Personality Traits
Five-Factor Model/Big Five Trait theory of personality that includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
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7. Five-Factor Model (FFM): Five Basic Personality Traits
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8. Evaluating Trait Theories
Three major criticisms
Lack of explanation—focus on description rather than causal relationships
Stability versus change—unsure which characteristics are more stable or are likely to change
Ignoring situational effects—how the person and situation influence one another
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9. Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theories
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10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Four key concepts
Levels of awareness
Personality structure
Defense mechanisms
Psychosexual stages of development
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11. Freud’s Levels of Awareness
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12. Freud’s Personality Structure
Three Interacting Components
Id—the primitive, instinctive part of personality that works on the pleasure principle (seek immediate gratification)
Ego—the rational, decision-making part of personality that operates according to the reality principle (delay gratification of the id’s impulses until it is appropriate)
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13. Freud’s Personality Structure
Superego—the “conscience” or moral part of personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality (guilt if rules are violated)
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14. Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and self-deception
ANIMATION
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
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Defense Mechanisms
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16. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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17. Psychosexual Stages of Development
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18. Psychosexual Stages of Development
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19. Psychosexual Stages of Development
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20. Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories
Adler’s Individual Psychology We are motivated by our goals in life rather than by unconscious forces. Inferiority complex—feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence
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21. Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Two forms of the unconscious:
Personal unconscious—from individual experiences
Collective unconscious—a reservoir of inherited, universal experiences
Archetypes—images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors residing in the collective unconscious
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Jung’s Archetypes
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23. Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories
Horney’s Blended Psychology
Personality is shaped by the child’s relationship to the parents
Basic anxiety—feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment
Methods of seeking security:
Move toward people
Move away from people
Move against people
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24. Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories
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25. Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories
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humanistic theories
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Humanistic Theories
Personality and behavior depend on how we perceive and interpret the world
People are naturally good
Self-actualization—inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capabilities
Two major theorists:
Rogers
Maslow
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Rogers’s Theory
Self-concept
All the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
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Rogers’s Theory
Unconditional Positive Regard
Love and acceptance with no contingencies attached Important for healthy and full development Behavior and value of a person are separate
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30. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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31. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Three Major Criticisms
Naïve assumptions—unrealistic view; may contribute to narcissism
Poor testability and inadequate evidence—concepts are difficult to operationally define and empirically test
Narrowness—describe personality rather than explain it
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32. Social-cognitive theories
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Bandura’s Approach
Combines cognition and observation Self-Efficacy A person’s learned expectation of success; affects choices and efforts in reaching goals Reciprocal Determinism Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality
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Rotter’s Approach
Personality/Behavior is determined by:
Expectations
Reinforcement value of outcomes
Internal Locus of Control Own efforts exert primary control Higher achievement Better mental health External Locus of Control Environment and external forces have primary control
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35. Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories
Strengths
Weaknesses
Emphasizes person-situation interaction
Construction allows for empirical testing
Ignores the unconscious
Ignores environmental and emotional aspects of personality
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biological theories
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Major Contributors
Brain Damage to the brain can affect personality Neurochemistry Neurotransmitter levels have been correlated with personality traits Genetics Behavioral genetics finds some correlations with some personality traits
Shy Brains
Some of us would never go up and talk to strangers at a party, while others may prefer to work the room. As this ScienCentral News video reports, psychologists could see the signature of shyness imprinted in the brain, from toddlers to twenty-year-olds.
WILEY VIDEO
Shy Brains
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38. Multiple Personality Influences
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Test Yourself
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40. Personality assessment
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41. Personality Assessment
Today’s methods based on scientific research Used by helping professionals, such as clinical and counseling psychologists and psychiatrists, for diagnosis and assessing treatment outcomes Often use multiple measures
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42. Methods of Measuring Personality
Interviews Structured and unstructured Observations Look for specific behaviors and interactions Objective Tests Standardized questionnaires E.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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MMPI-2
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44. Methods of Measuring Personality
Projective Techniques Use ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings, which allow the test taker to project his or her unconscious onto the test material Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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45. Evaluating Personality Assessment
Interviews and Observations Time-consuming, expensive Subjective Involve unnatural settings Objective Tests Deliberate deception and social desirability bias Diagnostic difficulties Possible cultural bias and inappropriate use
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46. Evaluating Personality Assessment
Projective Tests Time-consuming Less likely to fake responses Unstructured; may allow reluctant topics to come up Subjective Low in reliability and validity
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47. Fallacies and Pseudo-Personality Tests
Barnum Effect Readily accept ambiguous, broad statements that fit just about anyone Fallacy of Positive Instances Tend to notice and remember events that confirm our expectations and ignore those that don’t Self-Serving Bias Prefer information that maintains our positive self-image
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48. What fallacies are represented here?
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