Unit 5: Nationalism, Sectionalism, and Economic Growth SOL VA. US. 6a-d

Nationalism: Love for one’s country

Love for one’s region or section of a country Sectionalism:

Political & Economic Nationalism Develops Following the War of 1812, Americans had a sense of national pride Era of Good Feelings James Monroe: 5th President Political & Economic Nationalism Develops

Political Nationalism Marshall Court Goal: Federalist in a Republican society: Strengthen National Government

Marshall Court Decisions McCulloch v. Maryland: Can States tax National Programs? 1) States cannot tax the national government National Government over State Governments 2) National Bank was legal National Bank will not be re-chartered in 1832: Andrew Jackson kills the BUS and sets off an economic downfall due to bank failures: Panic of 1837 Reinforced the doctrine of implied powers National Bank

Gibbons v. Ogden Q: Who has the power to regulate navigation? NY State gives steamboat ferry monopoly to Ogden Hudson River: Under Articles of Confederation the government would not have had the power to enforce A: National government controls interstate commerce (trade)

Political: Foreign Policy Nationalist Goals: 1803: Louisiana Purchase had already doubled the size of the U.S. Establish presence in world affairs Expand & secure borders

Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States Adams – Onis Treaty Spain agreed to give up Florida to the United States JQA negotiates the purchase of this territory after Jackson’s raid against the Seminoles

Monroe Doctrine We will stay out of your mess in return America warns Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

Economic Nationalism: Henry Clay: “American System” Goal: To strengthen the American economy How? Improved Transportation National Bank Protective Tariffs

Provide low interest loans to expand business & industry Re-chartered in 1816: By Republicans Put in place by John Calhoun a man who later became a states rights advocate!!! Opposed by who earlier? Republicans!!! National Bank

Protective Tariff Allows American businesses to grow Tax on imports Tariff of 1816 aimed at England Tariff of 1828: Tariff of Abomination 1832: Compromise Tariff: Calhoun resignation, Nullification Crisis

Internal Improvements Bill vetoed by James Madison & James Monroe Improved Transportation: Allows people and goods to move throughout the country faster American System: Internal Improvements Federal founding vs State/Private Funding Strict vs Loose interpretation Canals Roads Internal Improvements Bill vetoed by James Madison & James Monroe

Economic Nationalism leads to Sectional Specialization The United States was growing: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the United States Each section develops own unique economy

Industrialization Northeast Factory System expands: Samuel Slater: “Father of the Factory System” Machine: “Spinning Jenny” Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off competition from England Factors that lead to industrialization:

- Rivers and streams - Capital resources - Poor agricultural conditions - Large labor supply

Lowell System All in one production facility “Factory Girls” Change from traditional work: “Republican Mothers” New factories replace home spun cloth forcing women to the work place Horrible working conditions: Commonwealth vs Hunt New England becomes the center of textile production

Plantation Agriculture South The Cotton Gin Increased Productivity # of Plantations Cash-Crop Economy “King Cotton” Indian Removal Act of 1830: Trail of Tears clears land for cotton growers

Diversified Farming West Fertile farmland in Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys Immigration: German and Irish Immigrants Germans tended to move to the Western areas and farm Irish tended to stay in the cities - Attracts people from the east and Europe

Small farms give way to specialized farms Wheat: - Northern Plains Corn and Livestock: -Ohio River Valley Cyrus McCormick & John Deere make improvements on farming equipment to increase output Tobacco: - Kentucky

Northeastern Needs: Southern Cotton Western food

Southern Needs: Northern Manufactured Goods Western Food

Western Needs: Northern Manufactured Goods

Demands of the National Economy promotes the “Transportation Revolution” Roads Canals Steamboats Trains

Turnpikes (Toll Roads): - Built by private companies from 1800 -1825 - Cumberland Road: Allowed wagon traffic from the seaboard to the Ohio River Valley National Road

Erie Canal “Clinton’s Big Ditch” Opened in 1825 - Linked New York City with New Orleans

Steamboats: Faster river travel

Most important change of the Transportation Revolution Fast, Reliable, and cheaper than canals 1828: B&O 1860:30,000 miles of track laid: ¾ in the north Trains:

The Transportation Revolution led to the development of the National Economy North West South

Inventions Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin: removed seeds from cotton fiber Provides the mills with large quantities of cotton to turn into cloth Interchangeable Parts: Mass production of machine equipment

John Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860 Transportation Revolution led to the spreading of American Population

POTENTIAL EXPANSION PROBLEM SLAVERY

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri applies for statehood in 1819 Senate: 11 free states & 11 slave states

The Compromise Missouri enters Union as a slave state Maine enters Union as a free state A line is drawn at 36/30 Above it = Free Below it = Slave Compromise Created by Henry Clay

Growing Sectionalism

William H. Crawford [GA] 1824 Presidential Election Henry Clay [KY] Andrew Jackson [TN} John Quincy Adams [MA] William H. Crawford [GA] 1824 Presidential Election

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain?”

1828 Election Results

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c Impact of decreasing property ownership requirements? More “common people” can vote

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860