Nationalist Movements Around the World Chapter 20

The British Empire in the Postwar Era 20-1

Egypt GB controlled Egypt since 1882 Became protectorate when Ottomans joined Central Powers in WWI Wafd Party- Led nationalist movement post WWI Independence

Egypt Defensive military forces for Egypt and Suez Administrative control over Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936)- Greater independence, alliance in Middle East, League of Nations membership

Middle East ME Arabs helped GB in WWI Transjordan/Iraq- Independent Palestine: Strategic location Zionism: Aimed to build homeland in Palestine for Jews Balfour Declaration: In return for war support, GB would support Zionism

Middle East GB promised independent Arab State also Post WWI: Tensions rise Limit on Jewish immigration in Palestine Nazi persecution changes this Division of land only solution

India Division in opinion about self-rule Mohandas Ghandi- Lead Indian nationalist movement Passive Resistance- Non-violent, refusal to cooperate with government

India British retaliation and suppression Allowed to elect representatives in 1935 Control of defense, taxes, and foreign policy Movement continued

The Commonwealth Expands Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa want complete independence 1931: GB granted autonomy British Commonwealth of Nations Good trade agreements, economic advantage for all

Turkey, Persia, and Africa 20-2

Turkey Greeks overtook Ottoman Empire post WWI Mustafa Kemal takes control and drives out Greeks Republic of Turkey (1923)

Turkey Kemal believed war showed superiority of technology and nationalism Separated government from Islam Ordered Turks to adopt Western ways Turkey became more prosperous

Persia Qajar Dynasty ruled Persia GB and Russian influence increase Reza Shah Pahlavi- Nationalist army officer who modernized Persia

Persia Massive reforms 1935 Re-named Iran Constitution limited monarchy, but oppression occurred Reza Shah sought close ties with Germany

Africa Post WWI wanted greater freedom New ideas of nationalism and freedom Colonial education caused anti-colonial protest movements

Africa Racism and political repression pushed movements Tanganyika- Center of anti-colonial protest Tribal chiefs favored colonial rule Independence calls from Azikiwe (Nigeria), Kenyatta (Kenya), and Senghor (Senegal)

Unrest in China 20-3

The End of the Qing Dynasty Foreign influence- Western nations moved inward Open Door Policy (1899)- U.S. wants equal trade in China Qing Emperor tries to modernize but his aunt Tz’u-shi takes control Boxer Rebellion- Attacks on foreigners, missionaries

The End of the Qing Dynasty Imperialist armies came to put down rebellion China punished and occupied China completely under foreign domination Nationalism rose under Sun Yixian Qing dynasty doesn’t break from “Old China”; overthrown

Forming the Chinese Republic 1912 China becomes republic Goal to empower the people Yuan Shikai president and revolution common, Sun Yixian flees Nationalists and Soviets vs. Warlords Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Nationalists and defeats warlords in North

Forming the Chinese Republic Left wing- Socialists/Communists Right wing (Chiang)- No radical change Communists put down and Nationalist government rises in Nanjing Dictatorship Developments, but did not help the suffering people

The Growth of Chinese Communism (1921) Intellectuals founded Communist Party Cooperated with nationalists at first, but in 1930’s Chiang attacked Long March- Communists traveled to escape Nationalists and many died Mao Zedong becomes Communist leader

The Growth of Chinese Communism Chinese peasants should be source of revolution Communists worked with them in Shaanxi Province Red Army built of peasants resisted Nationalist attacks Many believed Japan was true enemy