GLOPEM Political Theory and Political Thought MODULE 2 Sovereignty and Federalism (3 cfu) G. Costanzo

The different meanings of Federalism Federalism as a constitutional model Federalism as a constitutional model Federalism as the denial of the national state Federalism as the denial of the national state Federalism as a global vision of society Federalism as a global vision of society

At the beginning of the federal idea French Revolution French Revolution Kant’s works Kant’s works European utopia of Saint-Simon European utopia of Saint-Simon Cattaneo and Mazzini’s writings Cattaneo and Mazzini’s writings Proudhon’s thinking Proudhon’s thinking

Saint-Simon (1760 – 1825) “Lettres d’un habitant de Genève” (1803) “De la réorganisation de la société européenne, ou de la nécessité et des moyens de rassembler les peuples de l’Europe en un seul corps politique en conservant a chacun son indépendance nationale” (1814)

Saint-Simon UNITED EUROPE UNITED EUROPE Supranational organization Supranational organization ↓ Franco-British alliance Franco-British alliance Model of the British parliamentary Constitution Model of the British parliamentary Constitution

Tasks of the Anglo-French Parliament To hasten the reorganization of Germany To hasten the reorganization of Germany To create a common Parliament (France, Britain and unified Germany) To create a common Parliament (France, Britain and unified Germany)  To make a more liberal policy

P. J. Proudhon (1805 – 1865) The Federal Society Federalism as a political and social model Federalism as a political and social model↓ the personalist movement (A. Marc) the personalist movement (A. Marc)↓ Global federalists Global federalists

“Du Principe Fédératif” (1863) Society based on local communities Society based on local communities - Autonomous - Autonomous - democratically self-managed - democratically self-managed Social contract (not in Rousseau’s style) Social contract (not in Rousseau’s style)

Trasnational federation ↑ Federal nations ↑ Federal regions / units of production (towns - cooperatives - workshops) ↑ Local communites / small factories “Du Principe Fédératif” (1863) “Du Principe Fédératif” (1863)

“Proudhon’s methodology based on: Open dialetic (opposite to Hegel’s synthesis) Open dialetic (opposite to Hegel’s synthesis) ↓ observation of dynamic relations observation of dynamic relations The maintenance of regulated tensions and conflicts The maintenance of regulated tensions and conflicts The maintenance of regions and nations The maintenance of regions and nations ↓ - no centralized nation states - no centralized nation states - no centralized Europe - no centralized Europe

“Proudhon’s model of federalism based on: Balance of antagonisms Balance of antagonisms Justice – Equality – Liberty Justice – Equality – Liberty ↓ - relativity and dialogue - relativity and dialogue - mutual recognition of opposed persons and groups - mutual recognition of opposed persons and groups Pluralism Pluralism ↓ no centralized government institutions no centralized government institutions

Integral federalism (A. Aron – A Marc – D. de Rougemont) Proudhon’s legacy based on: Proudhon’s legacy based on: 1) the concept of civil society 1) the concept of civil society 2) The efforts of uniting Europe from below 2) The efforts of uniting Europe from below

After Proudhon’s historical analisys The affirmation of the national principle The affirmation of the national principle The shock of the European balance The shock of the European balance The outbreak of World War I The outbreak of World War I ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ First effects of the historical crisis of the nation state

The beginning of an era of peace? The foundation of the League of Nations The foundation of the League of Nations The premises of Fascism and Nazism The premises of Fascism and Nazism The outbreak of World War II The outbreak of World War II The collapse of the European system of states The collapse of the European system of states

Limits of the League of Nations: Limits of the League of Nations: - confederation - confederation ↓ no limits to the national sovereignty no limits to the national sovereignty  World wars I and II as attempts to solve the problem with violence L. Einaudi and the problem of European Unification

Contradiction between: Transnational character of production Transnational character of production National dimension of political organizations National dimension of political organizations

After the World War II E. Rossi – A. Spinelli “the Ventotene Manifesto” “the Ventotene Manifesto” European nations have completed their historical role European nations have completed their historical role European nations as subordinate elements to a more complex global system of continental powers (North-America, URSS and emerging China) European nations as subordinate elements to a more complex global system of continental powers (North-America, URSS and emerging China) The union of the historic nations of Europe can only be federalist The union of the historic nations of Europe can only be federalist

Towards the trasformation of the EU in a Federation elections of the European Parliament by universal suffrage elections of the European Parliament by universal suffrage Increasing of co-decision powers Increasing of co-decision powers Monetary union Monetary union Charter of foundamental rights Charter of foundamental rights EU Constitution EU Constitution

The political trend Federalism in the verge of a global vision of society Federalism in the verge of a global vision of society ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ supra-national phase of the course of history ( M. Albertini) supra-national phase of the course of history ( M. Albertini) European unification as a process to unify the human race European unification as a process to unify the human race

Federalism as a value First formulation in Kant’s writings First formulation in Kant’s writings ↓ Federalism as a social global doctrine Federalism as a social global doctrine Kant’s federalism based on Kant’s federalism based on - autonomous vision of values - autonomous vision of values - autonomous vision of historic course - autonomous vision of historic course

The social aspect in a federation Unitary and pluralistic characteristics of civil society Unitary and pluralistic characteristics of civil society Double loyalty of the population towards: Double loyalty of the population towards: ↘ ↙ ↘ ↙ global society smaller communities global society smaller communities

Federalist experience developped in: States with neutral role (Switzerland) States with neutral role (Switzerland) States with isolational role (USA) States with isolational role (USA) ↓ Far from the centralizing effects of international conflicts

World Federalism Dialectic of “ unity in diversity ” Dialectic of “ unity in diversity ” ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ world federalist society communities world federalist society communities A good alternative to the absolute sovereignty of the states A good alternative to the absolute sovereignty of the states A good alternative to violence in international relations A good alternative to violence in international relations The need to transform the UN into a true world government The need to transform the UN into a true world government