Genetics Applied Biology

Key Concepts Discuss where chromosomes and genes are located and what their jobs are Discuss where chromosomes and genes are located and what their jobs are Explain how traits are passed from parents to offspring Explain how traits are passed from parents to offspring Determine Expected vs. Observed Results by using the Punnett square Determine Expected vs. Observed Results by using the Punnett square

Chromosomes Where genes are located Where genes are located Body Cells: pairs Body Cells: pairs Sex Cell: single Sex Cell: single Karyotype  Karyotype 

Genes Small section of chromosome that determines a specific trait of an organism. Small section of chromosome that determines a specific trait of an organism.

Dominate vs. Recessive Dominant: Keep other genes from being expressed Dominant: Keep other genes from being expressed Recessive: don’t show up if dominant gene is expressed Recessive: don’t show up if dominant gene is expressed

Fertilization of traits Pure Dominant Female Pure Dominant Female Pure Recessive man Pure Recessive man

When both parents are heterozygous? There is a 3 out of 4 chance that the offspring is going to show the dominant trait There is a 3 out of 4 chance that the offspring is going to show the dominant trait

Test Cross

Punnett Square An example of a monohybrid cross An example of a monohybrid cross Both mother and father are ________. Both mother and father are ________.

Question? What would be the probability that lady that is heterozygous for attached (dominant) and free (recessive) earlobes and a man with free earlobes will have a child with attached earlobes? Free earlobes? What would be the probability that lady that is heterozygous for attached (dominant) and free (recessive) earlobes and a man with free earlobes will have a child with attached earlobes? Free earlobes?

Expected Vs Observed Results Punnett Square Results Punnett Square Results Shows what to expect when the sperm and egg of two parents join Shows what to expect when the sperm and egg of two parents join Traits actually seen in offspring Traits actually seen in offspring

Gregor Mendel 1865: Austrian monk observed and recorded certain traits about his pea plants 1865: Austrian monk observed and recorded certain traits about his pea plants Introduced probability to genetics Introduced probability to genetics Explained dominant and recessive traits Explained dominant and recessive traits

Mendel’s Numbers

Pea Plant Fertilization Pea Plant Fertilization