1. MENDEL & MEIOSIS

2. Gregor Mendel
Austrian Monk
Father of Genetics

3. Genetics
Branch of biology that studies heredity.

4. Heredity
The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring.

5. Traits Characteristics that are inherited Eye color Size
Hair, skin color
etc.

6. Choosing a subject Mendel chose garden peas because Easy to grow
Produce many offspring
Can be self-pollinated

7. See drawing of typical flower
Garden peas produced both egg and sperm.
Gametes - sex cells

8. Pollination - transfer of male pollen grains to pistil of flower.
Self pollination - occurs when pollen is transferred to the pistil of the same flower or plant.

9. Cross pollination - occurs when the pollen of one plant is transferred to the pistil of a different plant.

10. Fertilization - the uniting of the male and female gametes.

11. Pure breed - an organism that is true breeding for a trait.
Hybrid - offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait.

12. Monohybrid crosses - A cross between two parents differing by one trait.
See example.

13. Seven Traits Seed shape, Seed color Flower color, Flower position
Pod color , Pod shape
Plant height

14. Mendels Principles Principle of Dominance Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent assortment

15. Principle of Dominance
One gene in a pair may mask the other gene, preventing it from having an effect.

16. Principle of Segregation
The two factors for a characteristic segregate or separate during formation of eggs and sperm.

17. Principle of Independent Assortment
Traits are inherited independently of each other.

18. Allele Different manifestation of a trait. Example: Trait = height
Different manifestations are tall and short.

19. Phenotype Outward manifestation of a trait. It is what you see.
The plant is: Tall, Blue, smelly, etc.

20. Genotype Actual gene combination from both parents.
Example: TT, Tt, tt.

21. Homozygous
Both alleles for a trait are the same.
Example: tt, TT

22. Heterozygous The two alleles for a trait differ from one another.
Example: Tt

23. Monohybrid cross
A cross between two parents differing by a single trait.
Example: short pea plant crossed to a tall pea plant

24. Dihybrid cross
A cross between two parents involving two different traits.
Example: Round yellow seeds crossed to wrinkled green seeds.

25. Reginald Punnett, 1905 Developed the Punnett square.
Shortcut method for finding expected proportions of possible genotypes.

26. Calculating probability
Divide the number of desired outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes.
Example: Heads or tails = 2 possible outcomes. Heads desired = 1 desired outcome. 1/2 =1:2

27. Test cross
Used to determine if an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Cross the unknown with a homozygous recessive.