Unit 11: Testing and Individual Differences

Unit 11 - Overview Introduction to Intelligence Assessing Intelligence The Dynamics of Intelligence Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Group Differences and the Question of Bias Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Module 60: Introduction to Intelligence

Introduction Intelligence Intelligence test

Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities?

Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Spearman’s General intelligence (g) Factor analysis Comparison to athleticism Thurstone’s counter argument g

Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Garner’s Eight Intelligences Savant syndrome Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist Grit

Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Garner’s Eight Intelligences Grit

Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities? Theories of Multiples Intelligences: Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Analytical (academic problem-solving intelligence Creating intelligence Practical intelligence

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence Perceive emotions Understand emotions Manage emotions Use emotions for adaptive or creative thinking

Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?

Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Size and Complexity Brain size studies Brain complexity studies Neural plasticity Gray matter versus white matter

Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable? Brain Function Perceptual speed Neurological speed

Module 61: Assessing Intelligence

Origins of Intelligence Testing

Origins of Intelligence Testing Francis Galton’s intelligence testing Reaction time Sensory acuity Muscular power Body proportions Hereditary Genius

Alfred Binet Identifying French school children in need of assistance Origins of Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet: Predicting School Achievement Alfred Binet Identifying French school children in need of assistance Mental age Chronological age

Origins of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ Stanford-Binet Test Lewis Terman New age norms Adding superior end

Origins of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ Intelligence quotient (IQ) IQ = (mental age/chronological age) X 100 IQ of 100 is considered average World War I testing

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Achievement tests Aptitude tests

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Principles of Test Construction

Principles of Test Construction Standardization Normal curve (bell curve)

Principles of Test Construction Standardization Normal curve (bell curve)

Principles of Test Construction Standardization Flynn effect

Principles of Test Construction Reliability Scores correlate Test-retest reliability Split-half reliability

Principles of Test Construction Validity Content validity Criterion Predictive validity

Module 62: The Dynamics of Intelligence

Stability or Change?

Stability or Change? Aging and Intelligence Cross-Sectional Evidence Longitudinal Evidence Cohort

Stability or Change? Aging and Intelligence It all depends Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence

Stability or Change? Stability Over the Life Span

Extremes of Intelligence

Extremes of Intelligence The Low Extreme Intellectual disability Mental retardation Down syndrome 21st chromosome Mainstreamed

Extremes of Intelligence The High Extreme Terman’s study of gifted Self-fulfilling prophecy Appropriate developmental placement

Module 63: Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Twin and Adoption Studies

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical twin studies Polygenetic Heritability Adoptive children studies

Heritability

Environmental Influences

Environmental Influences Early environmental influences Tutored human enrichment Targeted training Schooling and intelligence Project Head Start

Module 64: Group Differences on the Question of Bias

Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

Emotion-detecting ability Math and spatial aptitudes Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Gender Similarities and Differences Spelling Verbal ability Nonverbal ability Sensation Emotion-detecting ability Math and spatial aptitudes

Ethnic similarities Ethnic differences Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences Ethnic similarities Ethnic differences

The Question of Bias

The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Test-taker’s expectations Popular sense Scientific sense Test-taker’s expectations Stereotype threat