Suitable alternatives at high-ambient temperatures for small and middle- size AC equipment By: Bassam Elassaad, Consultant - Lebanon Workshop on Management of HFCs: Technical Issues Bangkok, 20 and 21 April 2015

Challenges of High Ambient Operations Reduced performance; Decreased efficiency; Quicker wearing of components leading to shorter life. HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok2 Factors Affecting Operation at High Ambient Critical temperature; Operating pressure; Design and selection of components.

What is market* landscape like? HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok3 Source: PRAHA * Typical Gulf Country

What is available now as an alternative to HCFCs ? That is: Commercially available; Technically proven; Environmentally sound; Economically viable and cost effective; Safe to use in areas with high urban densities considering flammability and toxicity issues, including, where possible, risk characterization; Easy to service and maintain. HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok4

Alternative technology selection PressureGWPFlammability R-22 or R-410A Eq. 0 to ?? A2L or A3 HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok5

Transformation to alternative technologies Transformation from HCFC-22 To currently available HFCs = A1 refrigerants but higher pressure Transformation from HFCs To HC and HFC/HFO = A2L and A3 refrigerants but similar pressure HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok6 For local OEMs, a leap from HCFC to low-GWP new alternatives is a double challenge of flammability and pressure

Local research HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok 7 PRAHA & EGYPRA Research phase -out New MEPS Objectives:  Asses available technologies;  Asses relevant Energy Efficiency standards and codes;  Economic comparison of alternative technologies;  Promoting Technology transfer. PRAHA Project Components Building and testing prototypes Study on Long-Term Feasible Technologies Coordinating phase- out requirements with MEPS programs

PRAHA & EGYPRA HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok8 Refrigerants being researched:  R-290  HFC-32  R-444B (was known as L-20), equivalent to HCFC-22  R-447A (was known as L-41), equivalent to R-410A  DR-3, equivalent to HCFC-22  R-454B (was known as DR-5A), equivalent to R-410A  ARM-32, equivalent to HCFC-22  ARM-71d, equivalent to R-410A Stakeholders and tests:  Complimentary research initiatives;  PRAHA concentrates on high ambient for the Gulf, EGYPRA on Egyptian market;  8 alternative refrigerants: HC, HFC, HFC/HFO blends  8 technology providers for compressors, refrigerants, and components;  15 OEMs: 7 in GCC, 8 in Egypt;  58 prototypes, 8 applications: 3.5 to 35 kW;  174 tests: T1, T2, T3 and an endurance test at 55°C.

Thank you! HFC Workshop - April 20, 2015 Bangkok9