1. Session 3: Challenges and opportunities in addressing high-GWP HFCs in mobile air-conditioning Overview Pega Hrnjak pega@illinois.edu Co-Director ACRC, Will Stoecker Res. Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA President, CTS Creative Thermal Solutions UNEP Workshop on hydrofluorocarbon management: technical issues, Bangkok, 20 - 21 April 2015

2. Pega Hrnjak 2/8 Unique sector – uniquely addressed Only one refrigerant - R134a Industry strongly prefers that status to hold The only already regulated – EU MAC Directive Significant experience accumulated

3. Pega Hrnjak 3/8 Situation Real pressure for GWP reduction in Europe, mostly on European OEMs (and transferred to suppliers) US and Asian manufacturers address the issues at European market knowing that development in Europe will spill over to other regions One thing is definitive: –MAC is applications where high-GWP HFC (R134a) used is demonstrated to be replaceable with several options –The question what is the best option still remains –R1234yf current replacement refrigerant

4. Pega Hrnjak 4/8 Historically Competition between CO 2 and R134a (with indirect system considered) ended in selection of R1234yf in 2008 Some refrigerant manufacturers felt excluded and presented competitive approaches which ended being mixtures (R445A as an example) After Daimler’s report of R1234yf flammability issues work on its reduction was strengthened to the extent that CO 2 as refrigerant was again strongly supported by some OEMs

5. Pega Hrnjak 5/8 What happened during CO 2 vs. R134a era Earlier R134a systems may not have been optimized for efficiency Excellent and motivated engineers realized systems with once disregarded refrigerant (CO 2 ) to perform equally or better than R134a That competition pushed proponents of R134a to improve system efficiency by adopting almost everything developed for CO 2 In several steps over ten years we have seen:

6. Pega Hrnjak 6/8 Technology improvements in 10 years as a consequence of refrigerant competition 25 o C35 o C 25 o C Improvement of efficiency for each system over 10 years at any condition is greater than the difference in system efficiency at any given time. >> (900 rpm) (2000 rpm)

7. Pega Hrnjak 7/8 1.Internal HX (result: IHX in R134a MAC systems) 2.Evaporator and the control (result: microchannel evaporators for R134a). 3.CO 2 comp efficiency is high. 4.Work recovery devices: expanders/ejectors (result: first R134a ejector systems in Prius) Some realized improvements : Feb 22, 2006 DENSO Develops Unique Double-pipe Internal Heat Exchanger for Front Car Air Conditioning Systems: New pipe increases cooling performance by up to 12 percent May 20, 2009 KARIYA, Japan ― DENSO Corp. said this week it has developed the world’s first passenger vehicle air conditioning system that uses ejector technology. The ejector, which is a small refrigerant injector, contributes to an overall reduction in power consumption. The system will be installed on the new Prius, introduced by Toyota this month. (result: R134a Cp w/o suction valve)

8. Pega Hrnjak 8/8 Consequently All improvements made for R134a initiated by CO 2 were lately applied to R1234yf Additional competition or demands may push new frontiers New high glide options are potentially more cost effective but require further modification of the cycle and HXs to overcome challenging drop-in replacement

9. Pega Hrnjak 9/8 Current R134a replacement may not be the winner yet R134a is already in phase out process with R1234yf Maybe more costly CO 2 performs in a/c mode better at lower temperatures and in more compact systems R1234yf easier at higher ambient temperatures In the case of strengthening the importance of electric vehicles, CO 2 gains the ground because no refrigerant comes close R445A also better than R1234yf in heat pumping