Think about the last time you cut yourself. Once the bleeding stopped, what did you notice about the area where the tissue had been damaged?

Second – line defense: Inflammatory Response Increase of blood supply to affected area Redness, swelling, heat Chemicals released from injured tissue leads to an increase in macrophages Ingest bacteria and any damaged tissue images/illustration/medium/macroph ageAttacksMed.jpg

Third Line of Defense – Immune System Specific Response Antigen (antibody generator)– any substance that causes an immune response Lymphocytes – cells of the immune system recognize specific antigens B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells) either attack directly or create antibodies (proteins that fight antigens)

T Cells Produced in bone marrow Develop in thymus (gland) groups/rolstad/publications/2009/BoneMarrow.gif

Helper T Cells Primary Task – activate B cells and killer T cells Helper T cells activated by macrophage Macrophage ingests invader and displays invader’s antigen on its surface

Helper T-Cell A helper T-cell is activated when its receptor recognizes the antigen T cells divide and produce proteins to activate B cells and other T cells

Killer (Cytotoxic) T Cells Attack and kill cells infected with pathogen Receptors search each cell for antigens If a cell is infected, it is killed

B Cells Searches for antigen matching its receptor If a match is found, helper T cells help B cells to divide into two versions B Plasma CellB Memory Cell

B Plasma Cell Produce antibodies B Memory Cell Prolonged lifespan and can “remember” specific intruders B memory cells (and T memory cells) activate the immune system the next time the intruder returns Immunity has been achieved!

Organs of the Immune System

Bone Marrow groups/rolstad/publications/2009/BoneMarrow.gif Produces B cells and immature T cells

Thymus From Greek “thymos” : warty growth Produce mature T cells

Spleen (the immunological conference center) ons/100040_1.htm Captures antigens from blood that pass through by way of migratory macrophages B cells are activated and antibodies produced Old red blood cells are destroyed Immune response is initiated

Lymph Nodes Located throughout the body Drain and filter fluid from our body tissues Antigens filtered out before liquid is returned to circulation

Diseases of Immune System

Allergies What Happens in Body Excessive activation of certain white blood cells resulting in an extreme inflammatory response Symptoms Include itchiness, runny nose, rash, anaphylactic reactions and potentially death Relation to Immune System Involves white blood cells

Allergies Develop disease Develops post-fetally. Can be caused by heredity or environment. Treatment Avoiding or reducing allergen. Drugs including antihistamines, cortisone, epinephrine (epi-pen)

Allergies

Asthma What Happens in Body Airways can constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus.

Asthma Symptoms Chronic respiratory impairment or brief episodes that may result from a number of triggering events. Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing. Relation to Immune System Antigens trigger respiratory system responses

Asthma Common asthma triggers include: Animals (pet hair or dander) Dust Changes in weather (most often cold weather) Chemicals in the air or in food Exercise Mold Pollen Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Strong emotions (stress) Tobacco smoke

Asthma Developing Disease Genetic and environmental factors (poor air quality, exposure to cigarette smoke, etc) Treatment 1.Long-term medications to prevent attacks 2.Quick relief medications during attacks

Asthma Short-acting bronchodilator (inhaler) Pressurized canister of aerosol medication that relaxes muscles in airways

Lupus What Happens in Body Immune system cannot tell the difference between foreign substances and its own cells and tissues. Makes antibodies directed against itself. These "auto-antibodies” cause inflammation, pain and damage in various parts of the body. Symptoms Pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function either on the inside or on the outside of the body (or both), achy joints, prolonged/extreme fatigue, skin rashes

Lupus Relation to Immune System Body produces antibodies against itself How does one develop disease Genetic and environment (antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones)

Lupus Treatment Medications to reduce inflammation which causes pain, fever and swelling, and other medications to suppress the overactive immune system.

HIV/AIDS HIVHIV uman mmunodeficiency irus AIDSAIDS cquired mmuno eficiency yndrome

HIV/AIDS What Happens in the Body T cells in the body are destroyed – used to replicate virus HIV is considered to be AIDS when the immune system is too weak to fight off infections Symptoms Flu-like illness 2-6 weeks after infection. Next stage - swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, cough and shortness of breath. AIDS - Soaking night sweats, Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for several weeks, dry cough and shortness of breath, chronic diarrhea, persistent white spots or unusual lesions on tongue or in mouth, headaches, blurred and distorted vision, weight loss

HIV/AIDS Relation to Immune System T cells are reduced Developing Disease Transmitted from person to person through the exchange of bodily fluids

HIV/AIDS Treatment No cure – antiviral drugs suppress viral replication Drugs include Saquinavir, Ritonavir, Indinavir and Nelfinavir