Nationalism Triumphs in Europe 1800-1914

What is Nationalism?

Building a German Nation

Building a German Nation 1862, King William I made him prime minister Wanted unity after Napoleon Otto von Bismark Junker class Conservative land-owning nobles Blood & Iron

Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik Realistic politics based on needs of the state Power more important than principles Hohenzollern nationalist Strengthen army Annexed several German states Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Napoleon III surrendered within a few weeks

German Empire Kaiser William I Second Reich January 1871

Section 2: Germany Strengthens Industrial giant Iron & coal resources Disciplined & educated workforce Middle class Responsibility Deference to authority Population increase 1871 = 41 million 1914 = 67 million Science Research & development Single currency Railroads Raised tariffs Section 2: Germany Strengthens Government

Iron Chancellor Foreign Policy Domestic Policy Keep France weak Alliance Austria & Russia “Water rats do not fight with land rats,” Otto von Bismarck Domestic Policy Ruthless Erase local loyalties & opposition

Otto vs. Catholic Church 1/3 of German population Bismarck distrusted Loyalty to pope Kulturkampf “Battle for civilization” 1871-1878 Allegiance to state over Church Do you think it worked? Pope Pius IX, A political game of chess

Otto vs. Socialists Threat in growing power of socialism Social Democratic party Parliamentary democracy & laws to improve conditions for workers Bismarck was afraid of revolution he tried to repress them but workers unified By 1890's, Germans had health, accident & old age insurance Under Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer in social reform New plan, protect workers

Kaiser William II 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather Confident & ambitious Shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to resign Provided social welfare Cheap transportation & electricity, Public schools which taught obedience to the emperor & 3 R's Lavished money on military (already most powerful in Europe), expanded navy (tried to rival Britain & France) Reign 1888-1918 William's nationalism & military stance increased tensions on eve of WWI

Section 3: Unifying Italy Italian peninsula, same language but they had not experienced political unity since Roman times 1800's, patriots were determined Like Germany, needed strong state & ruthless politician

Obstacles Local loyalties People of Florence considered themselves to be Tuscans Venice, Venetians Naples, Neopolitans Etc. Napoleons invasions (like in Germany) sparked dreams of national unity Austrian control of N. Italy 1820 to 1848, nationalists revolts across the region Troops sent in

independent, republican Giuseppe Mazzini 1830's, nationalist leader Mazzini founded Young Italy Secret society 1849 set up revolutionary republic in Rome French forces toppled it Like many nationalists, Mazzini spent much of his life in exile “To constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation”

Italian Unity Revolution failed But Idea was already planted “Idea's grow quickly, when watered by the blood of martyrs.” - Mazzini Revolution failed But Idea was already planted Unity made sense Geography, language, history Economically Eliminate trade barriers Nationalists reminded people of the glory of Rome

Count Camillo Cavour become Prime Minster Struggle for Italy Risorgimento Italian nationalist movement Count Camillo Cavour become Prime Minster 1852 Noble family with liberal goals Like Bismarck, he believed in Realpolitik Willing to do whatever it takes Reformed economy, improved agriculture, built railroads, supported free trade With help from France, defeated Austria in Lombardy & other Northern Italian states

Nationalist, ally of Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Nationalist, ally of Mazzini 1860, recruited 1000 red-shirted volunteers Cavour supplied weapons Won Sicily with surprising speed 1870, First time since fall of Roman empire, Italy was united land

1861, Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) was crowned king of Italy Cavour died 1861 1861, Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) was crowned king of Italy

Challenges to New Nation Italy had no tradition of unity Few Italians felt ties to new nation Regional rivalries North v. South Challenges to New Nation Richer Had more cities Centers of business & culture Rural Poor Booming population Illiterate peasants couldn't make much of a living on exhausted land North South

Challenges to New Nation Hostility between Roman Catholic Church & Italy Pope resented loss of Papal land & Rome Urged Italian Catholics (...just about all Italians) not to cooperate Political unrest

Economic Progress Especially after 1900, Italy developed economically Industrialization brought urbanization Overpopulation created tensions But many emigrated USA, Canada, Latin America By 1914, Italy much better off than it was in 1861 But hardly prepared for the Great war

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Why did nationalism bring strength to some countries & weaken others? In Eastern & Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs & Ottoman Turks ruled lands of diverse ethnic groups 1800, Hapsburgs were oldest ruling house in Europe

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe. Austrian Emperor Francis I Newspapers couldn’t use the word constitution Government limited industrial development Threatened traditional way of life “Rule & change nothing,” – Francis I to his son

Austria Of its 50 million people in the mid-1800s, fewer that a quarter were German-speaking Austrians, and almost half belonged to different Slavic groups including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Under a new leader, Francis Joseph, and inspired by 1848 revolts, limited reforms were made. These reforms failed to satisfy Hungary in their calls for independence. In 1867 the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was formed; they were separate states, but would share ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs. Ethic unrest continued to rise however… Ottomans After the independence of Serbia and Greece earlier (1830’s), various other groups staged revolts against the Ottomans. By the mid-1800s European powers had begun to see the Ottomans as weak, referring to them as “the sick man of Europe”. Eagerly they scrambled to divide up the lands; Russia pushed south, Austria-Hungary pushed west into Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Britain and France set their sights on lands in the Middle East and North Africa. Angered Serbs who wanted to expand A complex web of competing interests developed in the region between regional and European powers, leading to what many would call the region as the “Balkan powder keg”. 18 years old

1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe Serfdom almost disappeared in Western Europe by 1700s, but survived in Russia Masters had almost total power over their serfs Efforts to reform, free Russia from autocratic rule & social injustice But efforts to modernize had little success Tsars imprisoned critics or sent them to exile 1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe Great World Power

Nations looked at Russia anxiously Immense natural resources Europeans disliked its autocratic government & feared its expansion Russia remained economically undeveloped 1800’s, Tsars saw need to modernize, but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule

Russia’s Social Structure Landowning nobles dominated society Resisted any change that would threatened their power Middle class was small & weak Most people were serfs Landowning nobles didn’t want to move away from agriculture to industry Tsars ruled with absolute power

Russia tried to seize Ottoman land Tsar Alexander II, 1855 Russia tried to seize Ottoman land British & French joined Ottoman Turks Invaded Crimean peninsula Crimean War Russian defeat War showed Russia’s backwardness Inefficient military Only a few miles of railroads Change was needed

Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government Change was Needed Widespread popular reaction Liberals demanded changes, students demonstrated Alexander II agreed to reform Former serfs still poor But started industrialization Turning point for Russia 1861, Emancipation Freed the serfs Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government

Too little too late March 3, 1881 Peasants had freedom but no land Liberals wanted a constitution & elected legislature Radicals wanted more revolutionary changes They adopted socialist ideas from the West March 3, 1881

Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people Alexander III avenged his father’s death Harsh methods Punished liberals & revolutionaries Secret police, censorship, exiled critics to Siberia Russification Suppressed culture of non-Russian peoples within empire One language, Russian One church, Russian Orthodox Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews and many others suffered persecution Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people

Drive to Industrialize Finally enter industrial age under Nicholas II Alexander III’s son 1890’s, Tsar Nicholas II Focused on economic development Built railroads Invested in industry Economic growth, but peasants worked in factories, lived in slums

Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution Russo-Japanese war, 1904 Nicholas II, called people to fight for “the Faith, the Tsar, & the Fatherland” Sunday, January 22, 1905 Protestors led peaceful march through St. Petersburg towards Winter Palace

Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution Bloody Sunday, January 22, 1905 Turning Point: Crisis & Revolution Bloody Sunday killed people’s trust & faith in the Tsar Revolution of 1905 Months after Bloody Sunday, strikes, revolts, assassinations Nicholas announced sweeping reforms By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest