Unit 4.1 Review

Essential Question # 1 What are the structures that make up the human heart and how are they organized?

Essential Question # 2: How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells? The cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up O2 The systemic circulation carries blood throughout the body

Mechanism for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood (remember, it’s all based on the gases’ partial pressure)

space Plasma Red blood cell Pulmonary capillary Alveolar air O2 pickup Hb Hb O2 O2 O2 Alveolar air space O2 O2 pickup

space Plasma Red blood cells Pulmonary capillary Alveolar air Hb Hb O2 Hb O2 O2 O2 Alveolar air space O2 Systemic capillary O2 pickup O2 delivery

tissues space Plasma Red blood cells Cells in peripheral Pulmonary capillary Hb Hb O2 Hb O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 Hb Alveolar air space O2 Systemic capillary O2 pickup O2 delivery

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

CO2 CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 pickup

H2CO3 CO2 H2O Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 pickup

Chloride shift Systemic capillary HCO3– H+ + HCO3– Cl– Hb H2CO3 Hb H+ CO2 H2O Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 pickup

Chloride shift Systemic capillary Cl– Pulmonary capillary Chloride shift HCO3– HCO3– H+ + HCO3– Cl– Hb H2CO3 Hb H+ CO2 H2O CO2 Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 delivery CO2 pickup

Chloride shift Systemic capillary Cl– Pulmonary capillary Chloride shift HCO3– HCO3– Hb H+ + HCO3– Cl– H+ + HCO3– Hb Hb H+ H2CO3 H2CO3 Hb H+ CO2 CO2 H2O CO2 H2O CO2 Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 delivery CO2 pickup

Chloride shift Systemic capillary Cl– Pulmonary capillary Chloride shift HCO3– HCO3– Hb H+ + HCO3– Cl– H+ + HCO3– Hb Hb H+ H2CO3 H2CO3 Hb H+ CO2 CO2 H2O CO2 H2O CO2 Hb Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Hb CO2 Systemic capillary CO2 delivery CO2 pickup

Essential Question # 3 What is the pathway that blood takes as it passes through the heart?

Essential Question # 4 What is the function of valves in the heart? To prevent the backflow of blood. The A-V valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

The valves of the heart

The valves of the heart

Essential Question # 5 How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions? Blood Vessel Review Arteries carry blood away from the heart High pressure Pulmonary trunk to lungs Aorta to everything else Microcirculation is where exchange occurs Arterioles to feed the capillaries Capillaries exchange with the tissues Venules to receive capillary blood Veins bring it back to the heart Low pressure

How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?

Autopsy Report Pacemaker: issues with heart rhythm require a pacemaker to maintain a normal rhythm Enlarged heart: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy L.V. works too hard and becomes overly thick Due to high blood pressure and obesity Coronary arteries can cut off the blood supply to the heart Linked to heart attacks, arrhythmias, and heart failure

Autopsy Report Mitral Valve Prolapse Atherosclerosis Mitral valve doesn’t close properly It can lead to mitral valve regurgitation (some blood flows back into the L.A.) Complications include arrhythmias and heart valve infection (endocarditis) Atherosclerosis The formation of plaques on the inside of vessels. Excess of cholesterol deposited on the inside of arteries supplying both the heart and the brain Complications include heart attack and stroke Peripheral Vascular Disease Plaques are beginning to form in the vessels of the legs Stent in LAD Coronary arteries are blocked and stent opens up the vessels to allow for blood flow