D Franek CELLS No Yes The smallest living part of organisms

Visualizing Cells

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Prokaryotic Cells Earth’s first cells are the simplest life forms exist in two major forms: eubacteria and archaebacteria Earth’s most abundant inhabitants can survive in a wide range of environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways

Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Bacteria and blue green bacteria are examples

Prokaryotic Cells Some use flagellum (a tail) to move ALL are UNICELLULAR Bacterial cell wall Flagellum Rotary motor Sheath

Prokaryotic Cell

Includes cells of: Plants, Animals, Fungi& Protists Includes only Bacteria & Blue-green bacteria Two Major types of Cells

can be thought of as a "factory,“ with different departments each performing specialized tasks. Copyright 1996 Shawn Glynn Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryote Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles (small parts with functions) surrounded by a membrane, ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Eukaryotes Can be both unicellular or multi-cellular Organisms with eukaryotic cells are: fungi, plants, animals, protists

Cell Size - most cells are small because the volume increases more than the surface area transport of materials happens

chromosomes Packaging of genetic material prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

Bacterial Cell PROKARYOTE Animal Cell EUKARYOTE

Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Both Basic unit of Life All have: Cell membrane Genetic material Ribosomes Cytoplasm All have cell wall Some have cell wall

Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Both Basic unit of Life All have: Cell membrane Genetic material Ribosomes Cytoplasm All have cell wall Some have cell wall Uni & multi cellular Membrane bound organelles Nucleus Complex Evolved later Chromosomes multiple linear Smaller in size Includes all bacteria Includes animal, plants, Protists & fungi cells

_____Unicellular/uni & multi cellular _____ _____ Nucleus/no nucleus _____ _____ Membrane bound organelles/no _____ _____ Simple/complex _____ _____ First on Earth/evolved later _____ _____ Chromosome one circular Chromosomes multiple linear _____ Animal cells _____ Plant cells _____ Protists (unicellular animal or plant like organisms) _____ Bacteria _____ Blue green bacteria _____ Fungi (mold, mushrooms) _____ Smaller in size _____ Name ______________ Date _____ Per ____ Practice Use Pro for prokaryotic cell, Eu for eukaryotic cell

PRO Unicellular / uni & multi cellular EU EU Nucleus / no nucleus PRO EU Membrane bound organelles / no PRO PRO Simple / complex EU PRO First on Earth / evolved later EU PRO Chromosome one circular Chromosomes multiple linear EU Animal cells EU Plant cells EU Protists (unicellular animal or plant like organisms) EU Bacteria PRO Blue green bacteria PRO Fungi (mold, mushrooms) EU Smaller in size PRO Name ______________ Date _____ Per ____ Practice Use Pro for prokaryotic cell, Eu for eukaryotic cell

Animal Cell EUKARYOTE

white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium Different kinds of animal cells

Human Cells There are more than 10 trillion cells, and over 200 types of cells in the human body, that very greatly in size, shape, and function!!!

Animal Cell only -Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

Lysosomes …destroy toxic substances and recycle worn-out cell parts. (contain enzymes) Animal Cell only -Organelles

Plant Cell EUKARYOTE

Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell Guard Cells Different kinds of plant cells

Onion Skin Cell

Elodea Leaf Cell

Plant Cells only - Structures Cell wall Made of cellulose Strong and rigid In plant cells only Protect and supports Gives shape to the cell A dead layer freely permeable

Plant Cell Structures only Chloroplasts -Contain the green pigment chlorophyll -Traps light energy, (to make food by photosynthesis) -Contain starch grains (products of photosynthesis)

In both animal & plant cells

Cell membrane –Lies immediately inside the cell wall, gives shape to the cell –Made of protein and lipid –Selectively permeable –Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm -Jelly-like substance within cell membrane, -Gives cell shape -Most chemical reactions take place here -Contains the organelles

The ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, a canal-like system for transport. Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER

The golgi apparatus packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum, preparing them to be transported out of the cell. Golgi apparatus

All of the instructions for cell activity are here in the form of chromatin (threadlike DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics). Nucleus – Control Center

Nucleus

Nucleolus…produces ribosomes. Some cells can have more than one. Found inside the nucleus.

Vacuole -for storage -especially large in plants, for water

Mitochondrion Rod shape Active cells have more ( eg. sperm, liver cells) Energy is made here by Cellular respiration

Ribosomes use the cell’s genetic instructions to make proteins.

Transport system

Similarities between plant cells and animal cells  Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm  Both have a nucleus  Both contain mitochondria

Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Have centrioles Irregular shape No Regular shape Cell wall present Contains chloroplastsNo Usually one large vacuoleVacuoles small or absent Glycogen as stored food Starch as stored food

Pearson diagram

The Cell Song m/watch?v=rABKB5aS2 Zg&feature=fvwrel

atoms (chemical building blocks of all matter) -> molecules (group of atoms with specific properties) -> organelles (structures in cells that perform specific functions) -> cells (lowest level that exhibits all characteristics of life)-> tissues (groups of specialized types of cells) -> organs (2 or more different tissues, performing a specific function) -> system (group of organs working together for a specific activity) -> organism (living entity) -> population (localized group of organisms of same species) -> community (interacting populations) -> ecosystems (community interactions including abiotic factors) -> biosphere (world of life) Hierarchy of Organization

Levels of Organization for Multicellular Organisms  organisms (e.g. man)  cells (e.g. muscle or nerve cells)  tissues (e.g. muscle, epithelium)  organs (e.g. heart, lungs, stomach)  systems (e.g. circulatory system)

Cells Are the basic units of structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells… Not

Tissues A group of the same kind of cells which work together to perform a specific activity Examples - blood, muscle, bone, nerve… Not Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve

Tissue TypeDescriptionWhere it is found in the body EpitheliumCover organ surfaces Skin, digestive tract ConnectiveHolds everything together Blood, bone, cartilate MuscleHas filaments that contract Muscles NervousMain component of nervous system Brain, spinal cord Human Tissues

Epithelium Connective cartilage Muscle cardiac Nervous central nervous system Human Tissues

Type of TissueDescriptionWhere it is found in plant MeristematicDivision of new cells for new growth or repair Inside plant body EpidermisCells forming the outer surface Cover leaves, plant body VascularTransport fluids and nutrients Inside plant body GroundManufactures nutrients by photosynthesis Center of plant body Plant Tissues

Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Ex: Heart : (consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels) Leaf : (consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue) Not

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System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way Examples: – Human digestive and reproductive systems – Plant root and shoot systems

Organism - aka “living thing”

So… which is more complex? A cell or an atom? An organ Or a tissue? A Tissue or an atom?

SYSTEM __________ __________ __ __________ work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a ______________________way Give Example: ________________________________________________ ORGAN __________ __________ group together to carry out specialized functions Give Examples: _____________________________________ TISSUES A group of the _______ _____ of ______ which work together to perform a specific activity Give Example - _________________________________ CELLS Are the basic unit of ____________ and ____________ in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Give Example- ____________________________________________________ ORGANISM AKA ________ ______ Give Examples: _________________________ NAME _______________________ CLASS PERIOD _______ DATE ________ CELL ORGANIZATION

… it is just a protein coat surrounding genetic material! Virus Is NOT a cell

Cell Differentiation Cell specialization occurs during the development of a multi-cellular organism. The genetic information necessary for all cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.