Organic and Biochemistry I. Organic chemistry A. Organic vs. inorganic compounds B. Carbon atoms C. Biological molecules 1. 4 main classes 2. Monomers 3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions 4. Functional groups II. Carbohydrates A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Polysaccharides III. Lipids A. Triglycerides 1. glycerol and fatty acids 2. saturated vs. unsaturated B. Lipoproteins C. Phospholipids D. Steroids IV. Proteins A. multiple functions B. amino acids C. Protein structure 1. globular and fibrous 2. four levels of structure V. Nucleic acids A. 3 functions B. Nucleotides C. DNA/RNA D. ATP

I. Organic chemistry A. Organic vs. inorganic compounds   Organic compounds Inorganic compounds 1. 2.   3. 4. Many atoms; always carbon and hydrogen Relatively few; not always carbon and hydrogen Carbon backbone Varies Flexible Rigid Wide variety Relatively not as variable

B. Carbon molecules Carbon forms the backbone of all biomolecules

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organic molecules? a. long b. wide variety of sizes and shapes c. rigid d. carbon backbone

C. Biological molecules 1. 4 main classes 2. Monomers 3. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions 4. Functional groups carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids

2. Monomers dimers polymers Carbohydrates monosaccharides Lipids fatty acids fatty acids Proteins amino acids Nucleic acids nucleotides monosaccharides amino acids nucleotides Polarity?

Which of the following monomers is non-polar? a. fatty acids b. nucleotides c. amino acids d. monosaccharides

3. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions R1- OH + OH - R2 R1- O – R2 + HOH reactants yields products R1- O – R2 + HOH R1- OH + R2 – OH

4. Functional groups A small group of atoms that impart specific properties to the molecules to which they are attached. C H H OH

II. Carbohydrates Polarity A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides (1:2:1) C6H12O6 Isomers Monosaccharide Disaccharide

Glucose

Archaea 3. Polysaccharides

Why can’t most organisms digest cellulose? a. it is too large b. it is too polar c. the glucose sub-units are too tightly packed d. the glucose to glucose bonds can’t be broken

III. Lipids Polarity Saturated versus unsaturated A. Triglycerides 1. glycerol and fatty acids 2. saturated vs. unsaturated Saturated versus unsaturated

B. Phospholipids Phosphate functional group Glycerol Fatty acids Main components of cell membrane Polar or non-polar?

C. Steroids Sexual dimorphism

Blocked arteries Cholesterol makes fat sticky

Which of the following is a basic component of lipids? a. glucose b. glycerol c. glycine d. gibberellin

IV. Proteins A. Multiple functions keratin collagen Myosin and actin B. Amino acids C. Protein structure 1. globular and fibrous 2. four levels of structure keratin collagen Myosin and actin Structural Enzymes Hormones Lipoproteins fibrin HDL/ LDL/ VLDL hemoglobin

B. Amino acids

Peptide bonds

C. Protein structure Fibrous and globular Enzymes

Four levels of protein structure Covalent bonds H bonds R group interactions Various bonding

Prions Bovine spongiform encephalopathy PRP Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

Which level of protein structure is held together by H bonds? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary

What level of protein structure is changed when prions “go bad”? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary

Molecular clocks

V. Nucleic Acids A. 3 functions of nucleic acids carriers DNA/ RNA A. 3 functions B. Nucleotides C. DNA/RNA D. ATP A. 3 functions of nucleic acids carriers 1. information DNA/ RNA 2. energy 3. electrons ATP NADH

B. Nucleotides Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base ribose or deoxyribose A,T or U, C, G C. DNA/ RNA Deoxyribose nucleic acid Ribose nucleic acid

DNA homologies 98.7%

D. ATP A-P~P~P A-P~P + P ATP >> ADP + P

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide? a. phosphate group b. 5 carbon sugar c. nitrogenous base d. carboxyl acid group

On what basic premise are Molecular Clocks and DNA Homologies based? a. the closer the genetic similarity between two individuals, the closer they share a common ancestor b. regardless of the organism, all amino acid sequences are the same c. like breeds like d. none of these

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