A Review of Basic Chemistry

Minerals Mineral - a naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid with a definite chemical compositionMineral - a naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid with a definite chemical composition –Building blocks of rocks –Cannot be divided into smaller components by mechanical means

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –Elements –Compounds

Matter: Forms and Structure

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –Forms of Elements and Compounds Atom - the basic building block of all chemical elementsAtom - the basic building block of all chemical elements Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bondsMolecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds

Periodic Table of Elements

Molecular Compounds

Formation of a Molecule

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of elements and compounds Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical chargesIon - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges –Cation (+) - Na +1 –Anion (-) - Cl -1

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of atoms and molecules Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles –Protons (+) –Neutrons (o) –Electrons (-)

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of atoms and molecules Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical elementAtomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element –Hydrogen: AN = 1 –Carbon: AN = 6 –Uranium: AN = 92

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of atoms and molecules Mass Number (MN) - the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atomMass Number (MN) - the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom –Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 –Uranium: MN = 92 protons neutrons = 235

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of atoms and molecules Ion - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative electrical chargesIon - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative electrical charges

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureyMatter: Forms and Structurey –The structure of atoms and molecules IonsIons –Sodium (Na) »11 protons + 11 electrons  no net charge »Loses 1 electron »11 electrons + 10 protons  net + 1 charge (Na +1 )

Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityMatter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds –Ionic –Covalent –Hydrogen

Minerals Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure –The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds –Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction between oppositely charged ions

The Structure of Ordinary Table Salt - An Ionic Compound

Minerals Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityMatter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds –Covalent Bond - bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityMatter: Forms, Structure, and Quality –The structure of atoms and molecules Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds –Hydrogen Bond - occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine