1. Matter and Energy

2. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality Elements
Compounds

3. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds
Atom - the basic building block of all chemical elements

4. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds
Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds

5. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of elements and compounds
Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges
Na+1

6. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Subatomic particles
Protons (+)
Neutrons (o)
Electrons (-)

7. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Atomic Number (AN) - number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element
Hydrogen: AN = 1
Carbon: AN = 6
Uranium: AN = 92

8. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Mass Number (MN) - the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1
Uranium: MN = 92 protons neutrons = 235

9. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
# protons = # electrons
No net electrical charge

10. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Isotope - two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

11. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Ion - an atom or group of atoms with one or more positive or negative electrical charges

12. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Ions
Sodium (Na)
11 protons + 11 electrons  no net charge
Loses 1 electron
11 electrons + 10 protons  net + 1 charge (Na+1)

13. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Types of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

14. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Types of chemical bonds
Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction between oppositely charged ions

15. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Types of chemical bonds
Covalent Bond - bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

16. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
The structure of atoms and molecules
Types of chemical bonds
Hydrogen Bond - occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine

17. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Organic
Inorganic

18. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Organic Compounds - compounds that contain carbon atoms that are bonded to other carbon atoms and/or with atoms of H, O, N, S, Cl, F

19. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Examples of Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Methane gas (CH4)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT (C14H9Cl5)

20. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Examples of Organic Compounds
Chloroflurocarbons
Freon-12 (CCl2F2)
Simple carbohydrates
Glucose (C6H12O6)

21. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Examples of Organic Compounds
Complex carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

22. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality
Types of Compounds
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
Salt (NaCl)
Water(H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

23. Matter and Energy Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality Matter Quality
Matter Quality - a measure of how useful a matter resource is based on its availability and concentration

24. Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Classification of Energy
Kinetic
Potential
Electromagnetic radiation

25. Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Forms of Kinetic Energy
Heat - total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, and molecules within a given substance
Temperature - the average speed of motion of the atoms, ions, and molecules in a sample of matter at a given moment

26. Matter and Energy Energy: Forms and Quality Energy Quality
Energy Quality - the measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful work

27. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Physical Change - a change that involves no change in the chemical composition of the material

28. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Chemical Change - a change that involves changes in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds involved

29. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Changes - a process in which nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change into one or more different isotopes

30. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Types
Natural radioactive decay
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion

31. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Natural radioactive decay - process in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit high-energy, fast moving particles

32. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Fission - nuclear change in which the unstable nuclei isotopes are split into lighter nuclei when hit by a neutron

33. Matter and Energy Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes in Matter
Nuclear Fusion - nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements (H) are forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus

34. Matter and Energy The Law of Conservation of Matter
The Law of Conservation of Matter -in any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another

35. Matter and Energy The Laws of Energy
First Law of Energy - in all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted to one form or another

36. Matter and Energy The Laws of Energy
Second Law of Energy - in any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the high quality useful energy is converted to lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy