This research has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement No LiveDiverse Biophysical Vulnerability Do Minh Phuong National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection, Vietnam LiveDiverse South Africa meeting March 2010 Ba Be Case Study

Case Study Ba Be National Park ( 22°21' – 22°29'N, 105°34' – 105°42'E )

Vulnerability Characteristics of a country Forces of Nature Human use Climate change

Vulnerability Mapping The EVI scale is a relative scale of vulnerability ranging from 1 – least vulnerable (most resilient) to 7 – most vulnerable (least resilient).

Data requirement The EVI by its very essence attempts to summarise a wide variety of environmental vulnerability data for a country. The data needed encompasses a range of environmental factors from: meteorological data, sea surface temperature, geological and geographical information, biological species and habitat data, reserves, human activities such as fishing, mining, pollution, population, legislation etc. The diverse and wide-ranging nature of these data means that sources are widely dispersed and often require some effort to identify, collect and compile information.

Calculation Method Manual on How to use the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI)

Biophysical Vulnerability Physical indicesBiological indices Biophysical Vulnerability

Physical indices 1.Highwinds 2.Dried periods 3.Wet periods 4.Hot periods 5.Cold periods 6.Sea surface temperature 7.Vocalnoes 8.Earthquakes 9.Tsunami 10.Slides 11.Land area 12.Country dispersion 13.Isolation 14.Vertical relief 15.Lowland 16.Shared border 17.Vegetation cover 18.Loss of cover 19.Fragmentation of land 20.Degradation 21.Terrestrial reserves 22.Marine reserves

Biological indices 23.Ecological imbalance 24.Migratory species 25.Endemic species 26.Number of introduced species 27.Endangered species 28.Extinctions 29.SO2 emission

This research has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement No EVI Calculation Babe Case

High winds Average annual excess wind over the last five years (summing speeds on days during which the maximum recorded wind speed is greater than 20% higher than the 30 year average maximum wind speed for that month) averaged over all reference climate stations. EVI highwinds = 1

Dried Periods Average annual rainfall deficit (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% lower rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations. EVI Dried Periods = 4

Wet Periods Average annual excess rainfall (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% higher rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations. EVI Wet Periods = 4

Hot Periods Average annual excess heat (degrees Farenheit) over the past 5 years for all days more than 9F (5°C) hotter than the 30 year mean monthly maximum, averaged over all reference climate stations. EVI Hot Periods = 3

Cold Periods Average annual heat deficit (degrees) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5°C cooler than the 30 year mean monthly minimum, averaged over all reference climate stations. EVI Cold Periods = 1

Sea Surface Temperature Average annual deviation in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the last 5 years in relation to the 30 year monthly means ( ) EVI SST = N/A

Vocalnoes Cumulative volcano risk as the weighted number of volcanoes with the potential for eruption greater than or equal to a Volcanic Explosively Index of 2 (VEI 2) within 100km of the country land boundary (divided by the area of land). EVI Vocalnoes = N/A GIS

Earthquakes Cumulative earthquake energy within 100km of country land boundaries measured as Local Magnitude (ML) ≥ 6.0 and occurring at a depth of less than or equal to fifteen kilometres (≤15km depth) over 5 years (divided by land area) EVI Earthquakes = N/A GIS

Tsunami Number of tsunamis or storms surges with run-up greater than 2 metres above Mean High Water Spring tide (MHWS) per 1000km coastline since 1900 EVI Tsunami = N/A GIS

Slides Number of slides recorded in the last 5 years (EMDAT definitions), divided by land area EVI Slides = No data GIS

Land Area Total land areas (sq km) Param eter Cao Tri Cao Thuong Khang Ninh Nam Mau Quang Khe Hoang Tri Don g Phu c Nam Cuong Xuan Lac Enti re regi on km EVI GIS

Country Dispersion Ratio of length of borders (land and maritime) to total land area GIS EVI Land Area = 1

Isolation Distance to nearest continent (km) GIS EVI Isolation = N/A

Vertical Relief Altitude range (highest point subtracted from the lowest point in country) GIS EVI Vertical Relief = 1

Lowlands Percentage of land area less than or equal to 50m above sea level GIS EVI Lowlands = N/A

Shared Borders Number of land and sea borders shared with other countries GIS EVI Shared Borders = N/A

Vegetation Cover Percentage of natural and regrowth vegetation cover remaining (include forests, wetlands, prairies, tundra, desert and alpine associations). GIS EVI Vegetation Cover = Undone

Loss of Cover Net percentage change in natural vegetation cover over the last five years GIS EVI Loss of Cover = Undone

Fragmentation Total length of all roads in a country divided by land area GIS EVI Fragmentation = 3

Degradation Percent of land area that is either severely or very severely degraded (FAO/AGL Terrastat definitions) GIS EVI Degradation = Undone

Terrestrial Reserves Percent of terrestrial land area legally set aside as no take reserves GIS EVI Terrestrial Reserves = Undone

Marine Reserves Percentage of continental shelf legally designated as marine protected areas (MPAs) GIS EVI Marine Reserves = N/A

Ecological Imbalance Ecological Imbalance as weighted average change in trophic level since fisheries began (for trophic level slice ≤3.35) EVI Ecological Imbalance = Undone

Migratory Species Number of known species that migrate outside the territorial area at any time during their life spans (including land and all aquatic species) / area of land EVI Migratory Species = 6

Endemic Species Number of known endemic species per million square kilometre land area EVI Endemic Species = 7

Introduced Species Number of introduced species per 1000 square kilometre of land area EVI Introduced Species = 7

Endangered Species Number of endangered and vulnerable species per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions) EVI Endangered Species = 7

Extinctions Number of species known to have become extinct since 1900 per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions). EVI Extinctions = 7

SO2 Emissions Average annual SO2 emissions over the last 5 years EVI SO2 Emissions = No data GIS

This research has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement No Other EVIs

Other EVI S (31)* Fertilisers = 3 (32) Pesticides = 5 (43) Sanitation = 6 (44) Vehicles = 5 (45) Population = 4 (46) Population Growth = 5 (37) Tourists = 1 * (31), (32)… are EVI number

Discussions Data collection issues – Obsevation method (highwinds). – Missing data (no data). – Data availability (less than requirement) GIS data (georeferencing).

This research has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/ ) under grant agreement No Thank you very much for your attentions! Click here for the last word

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