Table 4-1. Value and Model Assumptions in Social Stratification Paradigms (from Kerbo, p. 87) Value Assumptions CriticalUncritical 1. Inequality is not inevitable1. Inequality is inevitable 2. People are good (Optimistic)2. People are bad (Pessimistic) 3. Ameliorative approach to Society3. Value free sociology Model Assumptions ConflictOrder 1. Conflict and Inequality Based Society1. Consensus Based Society 2. Focus on Societal Parts and Processes2. Holistic Approach to Society 3. Class or Interest Group Struggles3. Focus on Social System Needs

Table 4-2. A Typology of Social Stratification Paradigms (from Kerbo, p. 87) Value Assumptions CriticalUncritical Model of Society Order Does Not Exist Among Classics Functional Theory Durkheim Conflict Ruling Class Theory Marx Power-Conflict Theory Weber

Table 4-3. Political Attitudes Defined by Optimism or Pessimism Regarding Existing Institutions and Common People Attitude Toward Existing Institutions optimisticpessimistic Attitude Toward Common People optimisticLiberalRadical PessimisticConservativeReactionary Source: Based on Tom Ruth, California Politics Course, Grossmont College, 1970

Figure 4-1. The Dialectical Model thesis anti-thesis synthesis

Figure 4-2. Class Relations in Slave, Estate and Factory Production Systems slave peasant employee master lord employer SlaveEstateFactory

Table 4-4. Marxist Concepts (with Apologies to Kerbo) Historical materialism: History is a dialectic of modes of production, whose internal contradictions drive change Base-Superstructure: cultural and political forms (e.g., Catholicism and monarchy) reflect the material base of society (mode of production, e.g., feudalism) Modes of Production: Historically given set of social and economic relations that characterize how people “wrest a living from nature” in a particular epoch Means of Production: Essential elements (e.g., land, labor, tools) required to “wrest a living from nature” (produce necessary and desirable goods and services) Relations of Production: social relations (e.g., slavery, peonage, tenancy, or employment) that yield subsistence or surplus in “wresting a living from nature” Class: relationship of exploitation/surplus appropriation in production (e.g., employment) or parties to such a relationship (e.g., master and slave) Exploitation: the appropriation of surplus labor value by non-laboring classes Surplus Value: the difference between the labor value represented in its product and the value of labor’s remuneration (e.g., commodity price minus wage and other production costs [in employment]; landlord’s share of crop [in tenancy])

Table 4-5. Political Attitudes Defined by Optimism or Pessimism Regarding Existing Institutions and Common People Attitude Toward Existing Institutions optimisticpessimistic Attitude Toward Common People optimisticLiberalMarx PessimisticDurkheimReactionary Source: Based on Tom Ruth, California Politics Course, Grossmont College, 1970

Figure 4-3. Durkheim’s Functional Model of the Division of Labor and Mechanical or Organic Solidarity Division Of Labor Solidarity Increasing Social Density - + -

Table 4-6. Political Attitudes Defined by Optimism or Pessimism Regarding Existing Institutions and Common People Attitude Toward Existing Institutions optimisticpessimistic Attitude Toward Common People optimisticWeberMarx PessimisticDurkheimReactionary Source: Based on Tom Ruth, California Politics Course, Grossmont College, 1970

Table 4-7. Weber’s Multidimensional Interests Class: shared life chances or resources one brings into the market (e.g., lawyer) Status: shared lifestyle that is honored by other members of status community (e.g., environmentalist or yuppie) Party: shared pursuit of authority (ability to make binding decisions) or influence (ability to affect such decisions) Party (political) interests sometimes reflect class interests, sometimes status interests, sometimes both, and sometimes neither

Table 4-8. Weber’s Types of Social Action and Types of Legitimate Authority Habitual: customary or routine (e.g., making breakfast) Affectual: feels good; enjoyable Value Rational: end in itself: morally or aesthetically right (e.g., going to church) Instrumental Rational: means to an end (e.g., doing exercises) Traditional Authority: based on age old custom or convention Charismatic Authority: based on emotional attachment to exemplary leader Legal Rational Authority: based on written rules that designate and circumscribe relations and positions Types of Social ActionTypes of Legitimate Authority

Figure 4-4. Weber’s Model of the Shift from Traditional to Rational Authority Traditional Authority Charismatic Leader Social Movement Routinization Collapse Legal Rational Authority

Table 4-9. Distinguishing Marx, Durkheim and Weber by Perspective, Model, and Focus TheoristPerspectiveModelFocus MarxRadicalDialecticalEconomic DurkheimConservativeFunctionalCultural WeberLiberalInteractivePolitical